Political Theory Education plays a crucial role in fostering political awareness, civic responsibility, and critical thinking among university students in Vietnam. However, traditional lecture-centered instruction is increasingly challenged by rapid digital transformation, changing student learning preferences, and the emergence of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI). These developments require innovative pedagogical approaches that promote active learning, student engagement, and the effective integration of digital technologies into teaching and learning. This conceptual paper examines contemporary pedagogical approaches applicable to Political Theory Education in Vietnamese universities. Drawing on recent literature, it reviews learner-centered teaching methods, including active learning, problem-based learning, case-based teaching, flipped classrooms, blended learning, experiential learning, gamification, and AI-assisted instruction. The paper further analyzes the major challenges to implementing these approaches, such as lecturers’ limited digital pedagogical competencies, disparities in technological infrastructure, conventional assessment practices, and ethical concerns surrounding the use of artificial intelligence in higher education. Based on this analysis, the paper proposes several future directions for enhancing Political Theory Education, including strengthening digital pedagogical capacity, promoting authentic and competency-based assessment, integrating AI responsibly into teaching, expanding digital learning resources, and fostering institutional support for pedagogical innovation. The paper argues that meaningful innovation extends beyond technology adoption and requires a comprehensive transformation of teaching philosophy, curriculum design, learning environments, and assessment practices. These recommendations provide practical implications for improving the quality, relevance, and sustainability of Political Theory Education in Vietnamese universities in the digital era.