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Background: Otitis media with effusion (OME), sometimes referred to as secretory or severe otitis media, is among the most common conditions in children. An estimated 80% of all children have had at least 1 episode of OME by the age of 10 years, with a peak of prevalence in the first 2 years of life. Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of COVID-19 on otitis media with effusion in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This cross-section observational study Rangpur Medical College & Hospital Rangpur, Bangladesh. The duration of the period from July 2021 to July 2022. A total of 80 children, Age <6 months or >12 years with Otomicroscopic evidence of tympanosclerosis, choesteatoma, eardrum perforation, or complete stenosis or atresia of the external auditory canal were included in the study. Severely ill children and not willing to participate were excluded. After collection, the data were checked and cleaned, followed by editing, compiling, coding and categorizing according to the objectives and variable to detect errors and to maintain consistency, relevancy and quality control. Statistical evaluation of the results used to be obtained via the use of a window-based computer software program devised with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS- 24). Results: Before pandemic 9.52% of the respondents had <3 years of age, 23.80% were 3-7 years, 57.14% were 7-10 years and 10% had 10-12 years of age. During pandemic 11.42% of the respondents had <3 years of age, 19.04% were 3-7 years, 61.90% were 7-10 years and 7.62% had 10-12 years of age. No significant difference in mean age before and during pandemic. Before pandemic 65% of the respondents were male and 35% were female. During pandemic 40% of the respondents were male and 60% were female. Before pandemic 28.57% respondents were underweight, 57.14% were in normal range and 14.28% were overweight. During pandemic 26.67% were underweight, 55.23% were in normal range and 18% were overweight. The prevalence of OME was 40.6% before pandemic and 2.3% during pandemic. Children with chronic OME had a higher rate of disease resolution during pandemic (95%) than those examined before pandemic (5%, P \.001). Conclusion: The findings of our study, in our opinion, have important clinical implications, implying that keeping children at home for as little as 2 months may allow for the resolution of most cases with severe and refractory OME. This method, while possibly advantageous for all age groups, should be given special consideration for young children, who are the most susceptible to otitis.

The attitude of staff in most of the public enterprises and Governmental organizations in Nigeria usually determines the effective, efficient, fair and credible relationship between the organization and its clients (customers). Thus, a good representation by the staff of any corporate utility company or industry is an essential element of good governance and sustainable business enterprise. Also, Islamic traditions entail that good moral qualities and ethical values elevate the status of man and make him excel among others in all his endeavours religiously, economically, socially and politically. This research aims to explain the Islamic laws of transaction and mutual dealings (Fiqh al-Mu’amalat), their meaning, sources, scope, as well as ethical and moral qualities of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) that are worthy of emulation by all Muslims in their dealings with one another. The research will also identify some of the Mu’amalat challenges and unethical behaviours exhibited by both parties which are detrimental to their overall progress and provide some possible suggestions and recommendations on how to establish a better relationship between KAEDCO staff and Muslim customers in the Gusau metropolis. The researchers employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches to collect and collate all the necessary data that are relevant and suitable for the research. The results of the findings discovered some of the key areas where problems usually arise between the said parties. It also identified certain rights, obligations and responsibilities of both so that each will operate within his jurisdictions. The teachings of the Islamic law of Mu’amalat have been carefully discussed from the Qur’an, Sunnah and the views of Muslim jurists as a guiding path of ensuring better correspondence between the Staff of KAEDCO and the Muslim customers in Gusau Metropolis. The findings of the study revealed that good service delivery and quick response to customer’s complaints are among the key measures of enhancing a better relationship between the said parties. The paper recommends that both parties should base their Mu’amalat on the basic teachings of Islamic law of transaction as a means of fostering good relationships.

Background: Osteometric dimensions of the femoral bone have significant clinical and anthropological implications. However, there is a lack of comprehensive data on these dimensions specific to the Bangladeshi population. This study aims to fill this research gap by analyzing the osteometric dimensions of the lower end of the femoral bone among a sample set in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in three medical colleges in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 50 dried femurs were collected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Osteometric measurements, including bicondylar width, medial and lateral condylar depths, intercondylar notch width, and intercondylar notch depth, were obtained using digital sliding calipers. Result: The study revealed notable differences in osteometric measurements between right and left femurs. For instance, 39.29% of right femurs had below-average Femoral Bicondylar Width (<65 mm) compared to 13.64% of left femurs. The mean Femur Medial Condylar Width was 31.05 mm with a standard deviation of 1.74 mm. Conclusion: The study provides valuable, region-specific osteometric data that has both clinical and anthropological implications. The findings are particularly important for the preparation of prosthetics and other supporting structures, which can be highly beneficial for both patients and medical practitioners.

This study examines the effect of interest rate spread on the output gap of Nigeria by using monthly data on the output gap, interest rate spread, foreign direct investment, federal government expenditure, and inflation covering the period of M12010 to M12 2022. Employing the var granger causality model, the result shows that interest rate spread does not granger cause the output gap in Nigeria. Also, variables such as federal government expenditure, foreign direct investment, and inflation do not granger-cause Nigeria’s output gap. Given these findings, policy implications were derived. Keywords: Interest rate spread, output gap, var granger causality test.

Introduction: Head injury is a significant public health problem worldwide. Traumatic head injury is a leading cause of death and disability in children and adults in their most productive years. The morbidity and mortality due to head injury is on the rise and is one of the prime importance in today’s medical practice. Objective: To assess the clinico-epidemiological study of fatal head injuries in an autopsy. Methods: The present study was conducted of the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January to June 2022. Total 250 patients included in this present study. We selected only fatal head injury cases due to mechanical violence. However, we included severe facial injury cases too as these cases were associated with head injury. But, the present study doesn’t involve crushed head injury or survived cases, referred or LAMA cases brought in the hospital. Results: Maximum cases were seen in the age range of 21-30yrs, 57 cases (22.8%). Maximum cases were seen amongst males, 196 cases, 78.4%. The commonest causes of fatal head injuries are Road Traffic Accident (RTA) cases. Other important causes of fatal head injuries are fall from height, assault & railway accidents. External head injuries were mainly seen on frontal and parietal regions. Amongst the scalp injuries lacerations were very common seen in 114 cases, 36.19%. Skull bone fractures were frequently seen in fatal head injury cases. Presence of skull bone fractures are associated more frequently with fatal complications. Though linear fractures are common in general we observed the comminuted fractures as the commonest type of skull fractures in fatal head injury cases, seen in 73 cases, (58.4%). Depressed fractures were less common in fatal cases. Involvement of cranial fssa was seen in 108 cases. Linear type of fractures both transverse and horizontal type was more common seen in 66 coases amongst the 108 cases of cranial fossa involvement i.e. 61.11%. Involvement of middle cranial fossa was high seen in 45 cases of the 108 cases i.e. (41.66%). Presence of comminuted skull bone fractures is associated with higher rate of mortality. Conclusion: Most of the cases were due to road traffic c accidents and males are more prone to get Head injury. Other important causes of fatal head injuries are fall from height, railway accidents and assaults in descending order. To reduce the morbidity and mortality it’s high time for the concerned authority to take appropriate actions.