Saudi Arabia is increasing renewable energy generation, electrifying its systems and implementing digital technologies in the grid, all against a backdrop of a climate in which summer temperatures, dust, humidity and other co-occurring environmental stresses simultaneously raise demand and degrade the electricity infrastructure. This study synthesizes the evidence published between 2020 and 2025 to examine how climate-resilient smart-grid planning can help reduce these interconnected risks. A structured integrative review was carried out by selecting a purposeful collection of peer-reviewed studies and official energy and climate reports, with a focus on Saudi Arabia, the Gulf Cooperation Council, arid power systems, and methods of resistance that can be transferred to other contexts. The evidence was analysed along four dimensions: hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity, and then linked to the areas of generation, transmission, distribution, demand, storage, digital control, and governance. The synthesis reveals that extreme heat is not simply a single issue relating to equipment; it causes cooling peaks at the same time, reduces both generation and network capacity, accelerates thermal ageing, and can occur alongside photovoltaic soiling, constraints on water use, and communication or cyber-physical failures. The most effective approach to planning therefore involves a multi-layered system that incorporates climate-based load forecasting, dynamic asset ratings, heat-resistant equipment, a varied geographical mix of renewable energy sources, storage, demand response, microgrids for critical loads, advanced metering, artificial intelligence, and regional interconnection. The review suggests a planning framework specific to Saudi Arabia that takes into account resilience together with cost and decarbonisation, using measures such as critical-load continuity, energy not served, restoration time, thermal headroom, and forecast error in severe situations. It finds that climate resilience should be integrated into long-term capacity expansion, grid codes, asset standards and operational digital twins, rather than an add-on for emergency management.
Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 giga-projects are reshaping regional development through new tourism, mobility, housing, logistics, heritage, entertainment, energy and smart-city assets. Their scale, simultaneity and geographic dispersion make safety governance more than a site compliance function: it becomes a development capability that protects workers, stabilizes delivery, strengthens investor confidence and translates construction expenditure into durable social value. This review synthesizes recent literature and institutional evidence from 2020 to 2025 to examine how safe construction governance can support sustainable regional development in Vision 2030 giga-project environments. The review adopts an integrative narrative method, combining peer-reviewed studies on Saudi construction safety climate, occupational health and safety management systems, digital safety technologies, megaproject governance and sustainability reporting with official Saudi regulatory and program sources. The paper proposes a Safe Construction Governance for Regional Value framework built around five linked domains: leadership accountability, risk-based planning, worker welfare, digital assurance and regional value integration. Findings show that the strongest safety outcomes are likely where governance is embedded early in project selection, design, procurement, contractor onboarding, work packaging and benefit realization, rather than treated as an inspection activity after mobilization. The review concludes that Saudi giga-projects can become international exemplars when occupational safety, environmental protection and community development are governed as one integrated value system.
Real-time enterprise computing is transitioning from periodic data movement and tightly coupled request-response integration onto continuous event streams, independently scalable services, and stateful processing that adapts as business conditions change. This review integrates research published between 2020 and 2025 on big data streaming, event-driven architectures, microservices, transactional stream processing, observability, and serverless execution. Its goal is to explain how these domains converge into a integrated architecture for next gen enterprise systems, rather than treating streaming as an isolated analytics component. A structured integrative review was carried out using DOI-verifiable, peer-reviewed sources from major computing publishers and journals. Thirty studies were retained based on their focus on architectural design, streaming semantics, scalability, reliability, consistency, deployment, or operational governance. Key factors such as event-time semantics, watermarks, durable logs, checkpointed state, idempotent consumption, schema evolution, distributed transaction models, and end-to-end observability collectively determine a system’s ability to deliver timely and trustworthy outcomes. Comparative evidence demonstrates that no stream-processing framework is universally optimal; workload characteristics, state requirements, deployment topology, and cost constraints considerably influence engineering decisions. While event-driven microservices enhance autonomy and extensibility, they also bring complexity in information consistency, asynchronous failure recovery, tracing, and governance. Serverless and edge patterns can reduce operational cost and network latency, but cold starts and distributed state management remain major challenges. This review proposes a layered enterprise event fabric and a correctness-resilience loop that integrate transport, stream computation, domain choreography, data governance, and operational assurance. The resulting research agenda highlights adaptive state management, portable semantics, energy-aware scheduling, automated data contracts, and verifiable real-time service-level objectives.
Taimoor Shahid Malik
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(4): 1047-1056
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i04.047
Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 and Saudi Aviation Strategy require airports to accommodate major growth while maintaining strong protection of passengers, aircraft, infrastructure, and digital systems. This review examines how artificial intelligence can strengthen airport security through intelligent video surveillance, automated baggage-screening support, biometric identity management, anomaly detection, cybersecurity analytics, predictive maintenance, and integrated command-and-control. It uses a structured narrative review of recent peer-reviewed literature and official aviation-policy sources. The analysis finds that AI can improve detection consistency, prioritise alarms, reduce equipment downtime, support passenger throughput, and enhance situational awareness. Nevertheless, airport security is a safety-critical domain in which false negatives, false positives, bias, privacy intrusion, cyberattack, model drift, and over-reliance on automation can create serious consequences. The paper proposes a five-layer Saudi framework covering data and sensing, AI analytics, operational response, governance and assurance, and Vision 2030 outcomes. It also recommends a phased implementation roadmap based on baseline assessment, controlled pilots, independent validation, workforce preparation, monitored scaling, and national coordination. The central conclusion is that AI should augment rather than replace aviation-security professionals. When deployed through human oversight, local validation, cybersecurity-by-design, transparent accountability, and continuous performance monitoring, AI-enabled security systems can support safe, smart, efficient, and globally competitive Saudi airports.
Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 has repositioned regional development as a national transformation instrument, with giga-projects acting simultaneously as infrastructure programs, investment platforms, tourism destinations and social reform laboratories. Their scale creates value, but it also concentrates strategic, financial, environmental, social, procurement and interface risks that cannot be managed through linear construction controls alone. This review develops an integrated risk management framework for regional development projects in Saudi Vision 2030 giga-project environments. Drawing on literature from 2020 to 2025, policy reports and project-governance standards, the paper synthesizes lessons from megaproject governance, construction risk, resilient safety management, sustainable infrastructure and portfolio delivery. The methodology follows an integrative review design using keyword-based database screening, thematic coding and framework synthesis. The analysis identifies six recurring risk clusters: strategic alignment and scope volatility; finance, inflation and market exposure; procurement and supply-chain fragility; design-interface and systems integration; environmental, social and heritage legitimacy; and workforce, safety and capability maturity. The proposed framework links these clusters to four governance layers: national portfolio steering, project owner capability, collaborative delivery ecosystems and digital risk intelligence. The paper argues that giga-project risk management should shift from compliance registers toward adaptive assurance, scenario-based decision gates, transparent stakeholder engagement and continuous learning. Its contribution is a context-specific model that aligns risk practices with Saudi Vision 2030's regional development objectives while preserving accountability, sustainability and public value.
Muhammed Asharaf Thazhe Veleri
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(4): 1015-1025
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i04.044
Smart oil-field automation is advancing from isolated supervisory control to integrated, asset-aware systems that coordinate pumps, compressors, pipelines, and process facilities. This review integrates research published between 2020 and 2025 on industrial Internet of Things architectures, condition monitoring, machine learning, digital twins, leak detection, advanced process control, cybersecurity, and human-centered operations. The objective is to develop an integrated review framework that clarifies how automation is able to enhance reliability, energy performance, production continuity, and process safety spanning interdependent oil-field assets. In contrast to reviews focused on a single machine or analytics method, this paper compares equipment-specific sensing and failure signatures with the shared data, governance, and decision layers necessary for facility-wide automation. A structured review methodology was applied, combining database-oriented search logic, relevance screening, thematic coding, and cross-asset synthesis. The results show that successful automation depends less on deploying a single algorithm and more on maintaining trustworthy instrumentation, contextualized time-series data, edge-cloud coordination, interpretable diagnostics, and bounded control authority. Pumps benefit from vibration, pressure, current, and hydraulic-efficiency analytics; compressors require thermodynamic, vibration, surge, and seal monitoring; pipelines require multi-modal leak and integrity surveillance; and process facilities require model-predictive coordination across interacting units. The review proposes a closed-loop architecture and maturity roadmap linking sensing, validation, diagnosis, decision, action, and learning. Key gaps include transferable models, rare-fault validation, cyber-physical assurance, lifecycle model maintenance, and evidence of long-term economic value. The paper concludes that smart automation should be implemented as a governed socio-technical capability rather than as a collection of disconnected digital projects.
Saudi Arabia's industrial expansion is increasing the importance of electrical systems that can sustain production, protect critical process loads and accommodate frequent modification without creating hidden reliability weaknesses. This paper studies ETAP-enabled electrical system planning as a lifecycle engineering process for reliable and smart industrial facilities in Saudi Arabia. The emphasis differs from broad smart-grid planning: the review focuses on industrial network architecture, critical-load classification, redundancy, contingency operation, motor acceleration and reacceleration, load shedding, restoration, maintenance switching, equipment duty, and expansion planning. A structured narrative review of recent power-system reliability and maintenance literature, technical standards, Saudi energy-sector sources and ETAP engineering documentation was used to identify planning practices that can be translated into industrial decision-making. The review proposes a Reliability-Centred ETAP Planning (RCEP) framework in which a verified digital model is used to compare normal, maintenance, outage, disturbance and future-production scenarios before physical changes are approved. Particular attention is given to main-tie-main arrangements, transformer and feeder contingencies, process load priorities, large motor restart sequences, generator-supported operation, selective protection and the use of operational and maintenance data to keep the model current. The analysis shows that ETAP creates the greatest planning value when study cases are tied to explicit acceptance criteria such as retention of critical loads, acceptable voltage recovery, adequate interrupting duty, selective fault isolation and realistic restoration sequences. For Saudi industrial facilities, this approach supports safer capacity growth, stronger outage preparedness, more disciplined maintenance planning and better transfer of engineering knowledge from projects to operations. The paper concludes that smart industrial electrical planning should be treated as a controlled cycle of modelling, scenario testing, field validation and change management rather than as a one-time software study.
Top Editors
Dr. Sumathi Kumaraswamy
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant Professor Department of Economics and Finance College of Business Administration University of Bahrain Email: skumaraswamy@uob.edu.bh
Dr. Jitender Kumar
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University Murthal, Sonepat, Haryana, India Email: jitenderkbatra@gmail.com
Omer Allagabo Omer Mustafa
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant Professor of Economics, Banking and Finance, Deputy Secretary of Academic Affairs-Sudan Academy for Banking and Financial Sciences (SABFS), Khartoum, Sudan E-mail: omergabo78@sabfs.edu.sd
Dr. Zahoor Ahmad Parray
Associate Editorial Board
Department of Management Studies, South Campus, University of Kashmir Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, India Email: zahoorhs@gmail.com
Dr. Hafnida Hasan
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant professor in Applied Sciences University (ASU), Kingdom of Bahrain Email: hafnida.hasan@asu.edu.bh
Dr. Ulysses J Brown III
Associate Editorial Board
College of Business Savannah State University 3219 College Street Savannah GA 31404 Email: brownu@savannahstate.edu , brownuj@gmail.com
Dr. C. Vijai
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant Professor Department of Commerce St.Peter’s Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi, Chennai-600 054 Tamil Nadu, India Email: Vijaialvar@gmail.com
Prof. Mounir BELLOUMI
Associate Editorial Board
College of Administrative Sciences, Najran University, Saudi Arabia Email: mounir.balloumi@gmail.com
Prof. P Malyadri
Editor-in-Chief
ICSSR Senior Fellow Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Begumpet, Hyderabad-500016, India Email: drpm16@gmail.com
Husam Alharahsheh
Executive Editor
Lecturer in business management, University of wales Trinity Saint David - UK Senior lecturer, Several UK and EU based higher education institutions Email: husam.helmi1@yahoo.com
Dr. Mohd Shahril Bin Ahmad Razimi
Deputy Chief-Editor
Programme Coordinator Senior Lecturer, Islamic Business School Universiti Utara Malaysia Email: shahril@uum.edu.my
Aliashraf Ahmadian
Associate Editorial Board
Marketing lecturer Graduated in the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (phD) from University of Tehran, Iran. Email: AliAshrafAhmadian@ut.ac.ir
ZULFAN NAHRUDDIN
Executive Editor
Lecturer at Muhammadiyah University of Makassar email:- zulfan.nahruddin@unismuh.ac.id
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