Mung bean is one of the most important pulse crops, grown from the tropical to sub-tropical areas around the world. Mung bean has good potential for crop rotation system, for crops under drier farmland cultivation areas and ability of growing on dry and irrigated conditions. Mung bean has considerable importance in economical, food, fodder and agricultural (green manure crop to improve soil fertility) aspects. Sowing of mung bean mainly occurs during summer when sufficient rain is available for growth but it is sensitive to waterlogging. It is grown in several types of cultivation systems, including sole cropping, intercropping, multiple cropping and relay cropping, where it is planted after cereals using residual moisture. Mung bean accounts insufficient amount of cultivation practice for food and fodder. Mung bean has considerable importance in economical, food, fodder and agricultural (green manure crop to improve soil fertility) aspects. The huge constraints of pulse crop value-chain production, aggregation and trading, and demand sinks/export. Productivity is below potential due to low input usage, especially chemical fertilizers inability to increase yields, limited availability of seed, limited familiarity with the variety of existing seed types, and limited usage of modern agronomic practices. The link between the producers and the export markets is weak, due to the large number of ineffective intermediaries operating in the value chain. The fragmentation of intermediaries between the producer and consumer markets creates a lack of transparency in markets. We have to support the farmers with recommended agronomic packages, we have to protect disease and insect pest, improved varieties, recommended fertilizer should be applied for better grain yield production of mung bean.

The development of multiple drug resistant bacteria, causing human infection in clinical practice unfold the use of natural sources like honey, medicinal plants of non-antibiotic drugs, having antibacterial potentiality. Beside the medicinal plants, the antibacterial effects of raw honey on clinical bacterial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli were studied. The raw honey samples were collected from the beekeepers at Umugwu Ezedike in Udi Local Government Area Enugu State Nigeria. The honey samples were prepared by diluting the honey with distilled water to produce honey of various concentrations, i.e. 20% v/v, 40% v/v, 60% v/v, 80% v/v and 100% v/v. The clinical isolates from Accident and Emergency Department University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-Ozalla Enugu were cultured in Nutrient agar, Cetrimide agar, Macconkey agar, and Methylene Blue agar (EMB) for identification and confirmation. The antibacterial effects of raw honey on the clinical bacterial isolates were evaluated in-vitro using agar well diffusion methods with Gentamicin as control. The results showed that raw honey demonstrated antibacterial effect against the test isolates with higher effect in Staphylococcus aureus (with zone of inhibition of 21mm) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19mm) and Escherichia coli (18mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract from this study ranges from 12.5-50mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts ranges from 25-50mg/ ml. Hence, raw honey has antibacterial properties and can also serve as a therapeutic substance for the treatment of bed sores, and other infections resulting from burns.

The study examined credit sources of rural households under the Village Alive Development Initiative (VADI) scheme in Kwara State. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select one hundred and twenty (120) respondents. Data were collected on the various sources of credits available to rural households and how it affects their output. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as percentages, mean, frequency counts and chi-square. Respondents’ mean age was 56 years, average household size was 5 persons, and farming experience was 7 years. Majority (50.7%) was males and married (49.3%). About average (54.5%) had secondary education while majority (87.7%) accessed credit from VADI scheme. The most critical constraint to credit accessibility was institutional bureaucracy (MS = 2.85). Age (p = 0.014), sex (p = 0.013) and source of labour (p = 0.058) of the respondents significantly influenced their choice of credit sources. The study concluded that the output of rural households is directly dependent on the sources of credit. Farmer friendly sources of credit should be encouraged and made available to them. Improvement in credit bureaucracies and provision of incentives for prompt repayment behavior should be ensured.

The study was to investigate antibacterial and toxicity evaluation of methanolic stem bark extracts of Kigelia africana (SBEKa). The antibacterial activities of the extracts were determined against one Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and three Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp). Distilled water was used as negative control and ciprofloxacin was used as a positive control. The SBEKa showed remarkable activity against various bacterial strains as compared to positive control. S. aureus and Salmonella spp were proved as highly sensitive strains while E. coli and pseudomonas were the resistant strain as the extracts formed no inhibition zone against it. These studies determine the phytochemical constituents as well as acute toxicity and sub-chronic toxicity test on plant stem bark. The acute toxicity was evaluated in rats according to the guideline of Organization for Economic and Cultural Development (OECD). The level chosen is the one for which we can expect to see mortality among treated animals. The animals were daily observed for 28 days after treatment and no mortality was observed. The animals were sacrificed. The results showed that the LD50 by oral route in rats was greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The extracts were found to contain alkaloids, Saponins, Flavonoids, Anthraquinones, and steroids were present in high amount while Glycosides in moderate amount. Tannins, Cardiac glycosides and Balsams were present in trace amount, while volatile oils were totally absent. At lower concentration SBEKa exhibited antimicrobial and these may justify the medicinal uses of the plants for treatment of microbial infections.

Biodiesel is an unconventional fuel composed of mono-alkyl esters also achieved essentially from the base catalyzed transesterification reaction of oils or fats. It is utilized clean haven’t require single alteration in the diesel engine and also biodiesel does not contain in consequential amount of sulphur. Consequently, biodiesel is presently the preeminent alternate for petro diesel. Biodiesel was synthesized using one step trasesterification reaction using magnesium oxide over aluminum oxide (MgO/Al2O3) at different ratio 5%, 10% and 15%. Moreoverthe biodiesel were analyzed using 6890N network GC/MS and physicochemical analysis cared out are compared according to international standardvia American Society of Testing Material (ASTMD-6751) the results obtain were: Acid value (0.1, 0.1, 0.2mgKOH/g), Density(0.64, 0.82, 0.71g/cm3) Iodine value (0.70, 0.52, 0.70mgI2/100g), Saponification value (0.10, 0.28, 0.63mgKOH/g), and Water & Sediment level (0.002, 0.002, 0.002) for sample A, B, and C, more ever the percentage yield obtained were (51%, 50%, 50.5%) for A, B, and C.

In Niger, since 2012 a new pest Tuta absoluta has appeared on tomato. Tuta absoluta is subservient not only to tomato but also to other solanaceae (potatoes, peppers etc.). All these crops can be attacked by this pest and production losses can reach 100% of the harvest, if none protective measure is taken. The objective assigned to this study is to improve tomato production in Niger through the integrated management of the tomato miner Tuta absoluta. To do this, the study focused on monitoring the dynamics of the Tuta absoluta population during the wintering period using pheromone traps and also an interview guide addressed to producers. The results showed the effective presence of the tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) on the two sites monitored throughout the rainy season. The results showed that more than half of the tomato plots were attacked by Tuta absoluta and showed attack symptoms. However, the attacked plants regenerated with new organs (leaves and stems) hence the extension of tomato cultivation in Tolkoboye with the use of pheromone traps. The study of the population dynamics of Tuta absoluta shows that the average captures per week oscillate between 53.6 and 1.72 individuals during the capture period on the observation sites while the peak on the control site oscillates between 70.8 and 52 individuals. It therefore emerges from the observations that the catches of butterflies this year are lower than those of last year.

The dissemination of information on improved fish farming techniques through the use of cyber extension is ineffective due to the inability of the farmer to comprehend information passed across to them which is reflected on the continuous reduction in fish farming, hence the reason why it seems like there is no positive effect of the information disseminated to fish farmers on their productivity. The study was carried out to examine the role of cyber extension in fish farming information dissemination in Egbedore local government area of Osun state. Multistage sampling was used in selecting eighty (80) respondents for this study. Data was collected with the aid of questionnaire randomly drawn from the local government area. Descriptive analysis performed shows that 18.7% of the respondents were between 50-59 years of age with the mean age of 36 years and 55% of the respondents were male. Most (80%) of the respondents were married. Also, 48.7% were Christian while 50% of the respondents spent 13years above in school. Similarly, 68.8% of the respondents have household size of 5 members, fish farming experience less than 5 years (37.5%). Members of social organization (56.3%), annual income between #300,000 to #499,000 (51.3%) contact with extension agents (46.2%) Similarly, 21.3% obtain their capital from cooperative society while 81.3% of the respondents preferred both family and hired labor as source of labor. Further descriptive analysis shows all sampled respondents (100%) have access to smart phones that 72.5% of the respondent’s always use smart phones, 27.5% of the respondents occasionally uses Smartphone in sourcing for fish farming information. Less than fifty percent (43.7%) have access to computer while 16.2% of the respondents uses computer always in sourcing for fish farming information and more than half of the respondents (68.8%) have access to laptop while 12.5% of the respondents use laptop always in sourcing for fish farming information and thirty¬-five percent of the respondents have access to tablet/ipad while 10% of the respondents use tablet/ipad always in sourcing for fish farming information. The types of fish farming information sourced via cyber extension includes pond construction, fish feed formulation, pest and disease control, poaching , quality fingerlings, marketing of fish and fish landing. A larger proportion of the respondents (85%) encountered some constraints in sourcing for fish farming information through the use of cyber extension, that 82.5% of the respondent indicated of erratic power supply as the constraint encountered in the study area while 81.3% of the respondents indicated poor network and 73.8% of the respondents indicated high cost of data. Similarly, 65% of the respondents’ encountered problem of poor service from the service providers while 75% of the respondents indicated technical know-how as the constraint encountered and 60% of the respondents encountered problem of financial capacity. Also, 50% of the constraints encountered by the respondents were very severe and 60% of the respondents indicated high severity of using cyber extension for fish farming information dissemination. The correlation analysis carried out shows that Age (r = 0.566), Household size (r = 0.598), Number of years spent schooling (r = 0.532), Pond size (r = 0.168), Annual income (r = 0.525) were significantly related to role of cyber extension in disseminating fish farming information. Also, Fish farming experience (r = -0.132) was significantly but negatively related to role of cyber extension in disseminating fish farming information. It was recommended that it is recommended that the respondents should consider the need to embrace or prioritize the services of private extension services.