Soil health is vital for ecosystem functioning, agriculture, and human well-being, yet heavy metal contamination poses significant risks to environmental and public health. This review examines various methods for removing heavy metals from contaminated soils, focusing on physical, chemical, and biological remediation techniques. Sources of contamination, including industrial activities, mining, and improper waste disposal, are discussed, alongside the environmental and health impacts of heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and mercury. Physical techniques such as soil washing and excavation effectively reduce contamination but generate secondary waste and incur high costs. Chemical methods, including soil stabilization and chemical leaching, immobilize or extract metals but may risk recontamination. Biological approaches like phytoremediation and bioremediation leverage natural processes for eco-friendly remediation, though they often require longer timescales for significant results. Emerging technologies, such as nanotechnology and biochar application, show promise for enhancing remediation efficacy. However, challenges remain, including economic constraints, regulatory inconsistencies, and the need for sustainable, long-term solutions. Future directions include integrating various remediation techniques, developing eco-friendly technologies, and emphasizing long-term monitoring to ensure the effectiveness of remediation efforts. This comprehensive overview aims to inform future research and policy development to address heavy metal contamination sustainably.
Double-cropping of cereals with legumes is a usual practice by small-holder farmers in southern parts of Ethiopia but crop compatibility and sequencing are the major problems for their soil fertility as well as profitability. Thus, it was important to conduct research on double cropping systems that can make the farmers more profitable on small land to reduce crop failure with current climate change. Thus, an experiment was done to evaluate the effects of these crops as double cropping on the productivity of tef and to evaluate the agronomic and economic value of common bean-tef in double cropping system for an improved production system at Shashemene district during the cropping season of 2022 and 2023 using RCBD design. The experiment consisting of twelve treatments including one common bean and three N rate with three tef varieties was sowed as the preceding and succeeding crop respectively and three sole tef varieties used as a control. The preceding crop the Hawassa dume common bean variety had 8 ton/ha dry biomass and 35 Qt/ha grain yield. The variance analysis showed that all the growth and yield parameters of tef except harvest index were significant such as Plant Height, Panicle Length, Straw Yield, Biomass yield, Grain Yield (p<0.05).
Ezike, D. N, Fadiji, T. O, Onjewu, S. S, Abubakar, T. T, Mohammed, A. U
Glob Acad J Agri Biosci, 2024; 6(6): 172-181
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2024.v06i06.001
The study focused on assessment of socioeconomic determinants of maize production among smallholder farmers in Nasarawa State. A multistage sampling technique was used for the selection of 171 small holder farmers for the study. A well-structured questionnaire containing both open and closed ended questions was used to collect the data for the study descriptive statistics such as percentage and frequencies and multiple regression analysis were used to achieve the objectives of the study. The socioeconomic result of the smallholder maize farmers in showed that the majority (36.3%) of the farmers were within the age range of 31-40 years of age and were mostly 76.6%) male farmers with the majority married and literate. Also, a greater number (66.1%) were members of association, 71.3% had farming experience between the range of 16-20 years with household size of 4-6, cultivating average farm size of 2-3 acres, had good contact with extension agents though only 4.1% had access to credit facility. The result of the multiple regression analysis showed that farm size, educational status and household size have positive significant effect on the output of maize at 1% and 10% level of significance respectively. The maize production technologies adopted by the majority (88.4%) of the farmers were herbicides and improved variety while the major constraints were high cost of labour, high cost of inputs and poor credit facility. The federal Government should create an enabling environment that guarantees available farmland to farmers since farm size is a critical determinant to maize production.
Nishtiman Y. Mosa, Basim. S. A. Al-Sulivany, Zeliha Selamoglu
Glob Acad J Agri Biosci, 2024; 6(5): 154-171
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2024.v06i05.006
Water is sourced from various locations, including lakes, wells, artificial reservoirs, and rivers. Contamination of these sources poses a significant threat to human health, highlighting the need to monitor water quality. This study focuses on evaluating the water quality in the Duhok governorate of the Kurdistan region, Iraq, by analyzing several key physicochemical parameters: turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total alkalinity (TAL), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), nitrate (NO₃⁻), sodium (Na⁺), and potassium (K⁺). Over a period spanning from January 2019 to December 2021, a total of 1,374 water samples were collected from different sources, including reservoirs, deep wells, springs, the Duhok dam, and the water supply network within the Duhok governorate. The analysis revealed that parameters such as turbidity, pH, TH, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, and Na⁺ varied significantly across the three years studied. In contrast, other parameters like TDS, EC, TAL, Cl⁻, and K⁺ showed no significant fluctuations. The results also indicated a decrease in most physicochemical parameter values in 2021 compared to 2019 and 2020, with the exception of turbidity. Overall, the majority of water samples were found to be within safe drinking limits. Ongoing monitoring of these water sources is essential to detect any variations in water quality promptly.
Elias Meskelu
Glob Acad J Agri Biosci, 2024; 6(5): 138-153
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2024.v06i05.005
Water is a scarce resource and the competition for it is increasing from time to time due to population growth and economic status change. The population growth leads to high expectations to produce more food from irrigated agriculture which could not be satisfied by rain-fed conditions. As irrigated agriculture is by far the largest water consumer in an inefficient way, improving water productivity has paramount importance both for the production of more food and for wise utilization of scarce water. Beyond these, studies suggest that improving water productivity in Ethiopia contributes to an increase in the irrigated area, reduced competition, and conflict between users, increased profitability due to reduced labor cost, water pumping and working time, and generally increased food production. Different water productivity improvement techniques and water conservation methods have been tested in different parts of the country. These include improving the performance of irrigation schemes, regulated deficit irrigation practice, partial root zone drying, application of irrigation on selected crop growth stages, supplementary irrigation, drip irrigation, surge and cutback irrigation, and water conservation methods like mulching and integrating irrigation with conservation agriculture. The level of water productivity improvement varies considerably for different methods, study areas, crop types, and seasons. Generally, more studies concentrated on deficit irrigation and irrigation application at different crop growth stages. Water conservation and integration of cultivation practices with efficient irrigation led to an improvement in water productivity. Despite few studies, scheme-level study results suggest that the level of deficit irrigation should be selected based on the available irrigation water and cultivable land area for maximizing the benefit of the scheme. According to the economic profitability, crop types and crop varieties also should be selected for production with site-specific conditions. Despite different types and levels of reduced irrigation leading to lower crop yield, the inclusion of the economic importance is essential as most crops showed higher water productivity at lower irrigation levels. On the other hand, studies on the integration of different water productivity enhancement techniques and crop planting patterns are minimal in the country, though current studies revealed better water productivity. Moreover, basin-level water productivity improvement studies could contribute to alleviating water competition and increasing irrigated areas. Therefore, studies on the optimization of these different methods could be done at the basin level for better water resource utilization. Government policies should also focus on water productivity improvement for the implementation of research findings.
Mohammed Khadom Al-Kasser, Ahmed Sabah Al-Jasime, Lujian Ibrahim Hussain, Maryam Hasan Kazim
Glob Acad J Agri Biosci, 2024; 6(5): 134-137
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2024.v06i05.004
This study was conducted to examine some heavy elements in a number of imported and local roasted grains that are available and most consumed in local markets in AL-Diwaniyah Governorate. The heavy metals were (Pb, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu). The results showed that the highest values were recorded for Fe, where 232 µg/g dry weight were recorded in sample No. 6., while Zn recorded 80 μg/g in sample No. 8. The concentration of Mn and Cu were 90 and 37.44 μg/g dry weight, respectively. The lowest value for Pb was 0.034 μg/g dry weight. From the current results, it is noted that the local, unpackaged samples recorded the highest concentration of heavy metals for all the samples studied.
Muhammad Shahroz, Maryam Ashiq, Maida Infal, Afshan Riaz, Zarwish Chaudhry, Muhammad Najamul Hassan, Bilawal Ali Rana, Amna Arif, Rubab Aslam, Qudrat Ulah
Glob Acad J Agri Biosci, 2024; 6(5): 119-133
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2024.v06i05.003
This review article explores the emerging role of nanoparticles in enhancing nitrogen fixation in leguminous crops, a critical process for sustainable agriculture. Focusing on metal-based nanoparticles like iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) and zinc oxide (ZnO), as well as carbon-based nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the review discusses their effects on nitrogenase enzyme activity, root nodule formation, and nutrient uptake. Empirical studies demonstrate significant improvements in nitrogenase efficiency, nodule count, and nitrogen uptake in crops like soybean, chickpea, and peanut when treated with these nanoparticles. However, the potential risks of nanoparticle bioaccumulation, toxicity at higher concentrations, and environmental impacts are also highlighted, emphasizing the need for biodegradable nanoparticle development and regulatory guidelines. The review concludes that while nanoparticle-mediated nitrogen fixation holds promise for improving crop yields and reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers, careful management and future research are crucial to ensuring the safe and effective integration of nanotechnology into agriculture.
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Dr. R Anandan
Associate Editorial Board
Principal Scientist & ICAR-National Fellow Biochemistry & Nutrition Division ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology Matsyapuri (PO), Cochin-682029, India Email: kranandan@rediffmail.com
Prof. Mohammed Nader Shalaby
Associate Editorial Board
Associate Professor of Biological Sciences and Sports Health Department, Faculty of Physical Education, Suez Canal University, Egypt Email: dr.m.nader@hotmail.com
Prof. Alaa Abdelmoneam Ghazy
Associate Editorial Board
Professor of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt Email: aaghazy7@hotmail.com
Dr. Sanjay Swami
Associate Editorial Board
School of Natural Resource Management, College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University, Umiam-793103, Meghalaya, India Email: sanjayswamionline@gmail.com
Dr. Abhishek Raj
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant Professor & Head, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Mewar University, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan - INDIA Email: ranger0392@gmail.com
Dr. S. Lingathurai
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology and Research Centre, Aditanar College of Arts and Science, Tiruchendur, Thoothukudi Dt, Tamilnadu, India Email: lings02@gmail.com
Dr. Md. Ashraful Kabir
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Department of Biology, Saidpur Cantt Public College, Bangladesh Email: ashraful.mission@gmail.com
Prof. Dr. Ahmed El-Sayed Ismail
Associate Editorial Board
Plant Pathology Department, Nematology Laboratory, National Research Centre, Cairo Egypt Email: iismail2002@yahoo.co.uk
Dr. Iman Akbarpour
Associate Editorial Board
Department of Wood and Paper Sciences and Technology , Faculty of Wood and Paper Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Email: iman.akbarpour@gmail.com
Mrs. Bhagyashree Patil
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural process engineering, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krish vidyapeeth, Akola Maharashtra India Email: bhagyashreepatil21@gmail.com
Dr. Md. Abdul Helim Khan
Associate Editorial Board
Senior Scientific Officer, On-Farm Research Division Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute 18, Charpara, Mymensingh, Bangladesh Email: helim1367@gmail.com
Dr. Sourabh Deori
Executive Editor
Animal Production Division ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya, INDIA - 793103 Email: sourabhd1@rediffmail.com
Prof. Ahmed RG
Deputy Chief-Editor
Zoology Department, Faculty of science Beni-suef University, Beni-suef city, Egypt E-mails; ahmedragab08@gmail.com
Dr. Abdul Wali A. Al Khulaidi
Editor-in-Chief
Associate Professor, Plant Geography, Flora and Vegetation, Member of The Centre for Middle Eastern Plants (CMEP) Al Baha University., Baljurashi Saudi Arabia Email: abdulwali20@yahoo.com
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