Background: It is an indispensable tool for ensuring patient safety, while its practice raises numerous questions in developing countries, including Bangladesh. This paper aims at determining medical students’ Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of pharmacovigilance to inform ADR reporting. Objective: To evaluate the KAP of pharmacovigilance with second-year students, final-year students, and interns enrolled in a community-oriented medical college in Bangladesh. Methods: A quantitative study design using the cross-sectional survey approach was used together with a self-administered, well-validated structured questionnaire. Second-year, final-year, and intern groups were selected with one hundred participants from each group. Descriptive statistical analysis and chi-square analysis were used in data analysis. Results: A total of 49 percent of the participants were able to correctly define pharmacovigilance; final-year students had the highest knowledge score of 72 percent. A total of 80–85% of the participants endorsed the need to report ADRs, and 75–84% believed that reporting ADRs is a professional responsibility. However, ADR reporting practice varied significantly: In the final-year students, 90% reported having filled out an ADR form, while the corresponding numbers for second-year students and interns were 12% and 34%, respectively. While 70-90% of the participants claimed to have ever been trained on how to report an ADR, only 20-28% of the participants reported to have ever experienced an ADR. Conclusion: Thus, though attitudes toward pharmacovigilance were mostly positive, major knowledge and practical implementation deficits were found, mainly concerning interns. The study underscores the need for enhanced systematic, comprehensive, and clinically focused instruction in pharmacovigilance learning in medical schools. This paper recommends that foresulfide should strengthen the existing knowledge prerequisite, integrate compulsory continuous education programs, advance practical practice, and smoothen the procedure of reporting ADRs to amplify the practices in pharmacovigilance among future healthcare human resources of Bangladesh.

When we discuss homoeopathy, invariably the Indian drugs are an integral part of homoeopathic material medica. Out of the leading 50 drugs of Indian origin, one drug that the article discusses the drug ‘Gymnema Sylvestre’. The common name of this plant is ‘Gurmar’ in hindi language which means ‘sugar killer’. This indicates its ancient use in diabetes since the last 2000 years. The article looks into the scientific aspects of the drug, human proving of the drug in homoeopathy & the various literatures that mentions about drug. The future use of the drug in the Non Communicable Disease like diabetes on a large scale will only benefit the masses. The drug is cost effective, therapeutically active with no side effects & these properties only augur well for its large scale application. For the benefit of the masses, the homoeopathic perspective, use, method of preparation is described. The authority books of homoeopathic material medica & the encyclopedia of homoeopathy are referred in the article.

Our study investigated the cytotoxicity of Rubus idaeus alcoholic and aqueous extracts prepared from ripe blackberries were collected from the farmlands north of Baghdad, the extracts prepared at the same starting concentration, and tested on two cell line, the result show high toxic effects increase with the increase of concentration. The three extracted components from Rubus idaeus (purified flavonoid, polysaccharides, and carotenes) showed cytotoxic effect towards both: the primary cell culture of normal hepatic cells (HepG2 and L20B cell), and cancer hepatic cell lines (HepG2 and L20B cell) at 100μg/ml concentration for 24 hours treatment. Purified flavonoid exerted the potent effect on both cell lines among the other two extracted components. The cytotoxicity assay was held only for the purified flavonoid to investigate the mechanism by which the purified flavonoid affected living cells toward apoptosis. The most significant reduction (p≤0.05) in cell viable count was at the concentration 100μg/ml which appear to cause the induction of cell death via mitochondrial pathway for HepG2 and L20B cell line after 24 hours exposure. The purified flavonoid had no effect on the HepG-2 cell cycle. The Immunomodulation effect for the purified flavonoid and the extracted polysaccharides on normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes showed that the purified flavonoid suppress lymphocytes proliferation, while the later increased lymphocytes proliferation significantly. The immune stimulating effect of the polysaccharides caused alteration in IL-17 and level estimated by ELISA technique towards IL-2 elevation for the normal human blood lymphocytes against IL-17 level after 4 hours exposure at concentrations (250 and 500 μg/ml), while toxicity results were shown after 4 hours.

Background: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is a common cause of symptomatic ureteral obstruction. Dismembered pyeloplasty is the most commonly employed procedure for the repair of UPJO. Both interrupted and continuous suturing is being practiced in laparoscopy. As satisfactory anastomosis determines the success of dismembered pyeloplasty and recovery of renal function, the success rate and the complications associated with the suturing technique need to be evaluated. Objective: To compare the outcome between continuous and interrupted suturing in laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Methods: This hospital-based, quasi-experimental study was done in the Department of Urology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka and the National Institute of Kidney Diseases & Urology (NIKDU), Dhaka from July 2022- June 2023. A total of 60 patients were purposively selected for the study. According to the suture method for ureteropelvic anastomosis, patients were divided into two groups: 30 patients (group A) underwent surgery with the continuous suture method, and 30 patients (group B) underwent surgery with the interrupted suture method. Data on suturing time, post-operative drain output, post-operative hospital stay and post-operative complications were collected. Patients were followed up at 01, 03 and 06 months. At 06 months, a DTPA renogram with split GFR was done to evaluate the patients. Results: The mean ages were 30.0 (±8.3) years for Group A and 33.9 (±9.3) years for Group B, with males comprising 56.7% and 63.3% of each group, respectively. Group B had significantly higher mean suturing time, post-operative drain output, and hospital stay compared to Group A (p<0.001). No significant differences in GFR were noted between the groups (p>0.05). Post-operative complications were observed in 10.0% of Group A and 23.3% of Group B (p=0.166). Conclusion: Continuous suturing technique for pyeloplasty is found to have a lower mean suturing time, mean drain output and post-operative hospital stay.

Background: The eighth most frequent gynecologic cancer in the world is ovarian cancer. Due to its advanced state at diagnosis, it is the worst gynecological cancer. The high mortality rate is largely due to the tendency to early spreading in the abdominal cavity, and most ovarian cancers being diagnosed at advanced stages (FIGO stage III & IV). Despite a high response rate to platinum-based chemotherapy, the overall survival (OS) remains poor with a 5-year overall survival of only 30–40%. Objective: The aim of this study is to Compare the Overall Survival, Progression Free Survival (PFS), Treatment Free Interval (TFI), Platinum Sensitive Recurrence (PSR) & Platinum resistant Recurrence (PRR) in patients with BRCA mutation and without BRCA mutation. Methods: The longitudinal cohort study was conducted in the Department of Gynecological Oncology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) & NICRH Dhaka. A total 30 women with histopathologically confirmed advanced stage (FIGO stage III & IV) serous epithelial ovarian cancer were included in the study. Participants were divided into two groups: patients with BRCA1 associated epithelial ovarian cancer and those patients with BRCA2 associated epithelial ovarian cancer. The questionnaire was pretested, corrected and finalized. Data were collected by face-to-face interview and analyzed by appropriate computer based programmed software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24. Results: In this study, maximum study subjects 17 (80.9%) were in ≤45 years age group in BRCA1 associated EOC group and 6 (66.6%) were in >45 years age group in unexposed group. Mean age of the study subjects was 42.3±3.5 and 30.23±4.4 years in BRCA1 associated EOC and BRCA2 associated EOC group respectively. Majority of the patients 17 (80.9%) and 18 (85.7%) 6 (66.6%) were literate and 4 (19.1%) and 3 (33.3%) were illiterate in BRCA1 associated EOC and BRCA2 associated EOC group respectively. About 9 (42.9%) respondent of BRCA1 associated EOC group and 6 (66.6%) of BRCA2 associated EOC group had family history of breast / ovarian cancer. Conclusion: For epithelial ovarian cancer patients who received chemotherapy, we confirmed survival benefit for BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline pathogenic variant carriers. This may indicate higher sensitivity to chemotherapy, both in first line treatment and in the recurrent setting. The observed benefit appears to be limited to a relatively short period after epithelial ovarian cancer diagnosis.

Background: There were double-blind studies in which cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride (Flexeril) and diazepam (Valium) were tested for their effectiveness in treating neck and low-back pain. Clinical assessments (graded), patient self-ratings, goniometry, motion analysis by computer and electromyography of controlled movements were all employed in the study. All therapy groups showed statistically significant improvements in clinical outcomes after two weeks, with Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride showing a statistically significant advantage. Improvements in electromyography were the most noticeable, with the Cyclobenzaprine group seeing statistically significant improvements. In clinical muscular spasms, myoelectric activity does not increase; the opposite is true. Electromyography and computer analysis coupled with complicated electro goniometry show improved myoelectric activity in the back muscles when prescribed strenuous motions are stressed. Methods: This inquiry took place at Suo-Xi Hospital at Shaan Tower, Chamelibag, Shantinagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A 34-year-old male patient has been complaining of neck pain for the last three years. Results: Follow-up research showed promising outcomes. He no longer felt neck pain which he had been experiencing for three years. Cervical muscle spasm patients may benefit from acupuncture, according to the findings of this study.

Background: Childhood malignancies are becoming an emerging paediatric problem in Bangladesh. They are very much different from adult malignancy in their nature and distribution. This is a seven years retrospective study on patterns of childhood solid malignant tumours in paediatric surgery department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital. Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the types of malignant patients admitted in the paediatric surgery department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital during the study period and also their age and sex distribution. Methods: This is a retrospective study of seven years duration from January 2017 to December 2023 in paediatric surgery department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital. All admitted patients having solid malignant tumour aged up to 15 years diagnosed by means of histological or cytological study were included in this study. Results: 100 solid malignant tumour patients were admitted during the study period. 68% patients were male and 32% patients were female, with a male female ratio of 2.1:1.69 patients (69%) were below 5 years of age and 31(31%) patients were between 5 to 15 years of age. In this study, Wilms' tumour or Nephroblastoma was the most prevalent malignant tumour, that was 40 in number (40%), followed by Neuroblastoma 28(28%), Lymphoma in abdominal site 12 (12%), Testicular tumour 9(9%), malignant sacrococcygeal teratoma 5(5%), Rhabdomyosarcoma 3(3%), Hepatoblastoma 2(2%) and one malignant gastric teratoma. Conclusion: From this study it was found that, Wilms' tumour is the most common Paediatric solid malignancy. Malignant gastric teratoma can rarely occur in paediatric age group.