The Hausa people of Northern Nigeria, along with the other populations inhabiting the Nigerian area, were conquered and subjugated by British colonial forces. Scholars have proposed various reasons to explain why Europeans succeeded in defeating African societies militarily. In the Hausa regions of Northern Nigeria, the people sustained their resistance through non-military means. The intellectual tradition left by the Sokoto Jihadist leaders, particularly the use of poetry to disseminate information among the populace, was utilized. Various methods were employed to collect the necessary instruments for this paper. Manuscripts were obtained from the Waziri Junaidu History and Culture Bureau, Sokoto, as well as extracts from some resistance poems. These poems were composed to attack and dismiss various aspects of European culture as un-Islamic and unacceptable to a Muslim community like the one in Northern Nigeria. The banner of the "jihad of the pen" was raised to condemn anything European as heretical, leading those who subscribed to it toward hellfire in the hereafter. This paper highlights how Hausa poetry was directed toward condemning European cultural values, their romanticized education (Boko), and European cultural domination, which was a key factor in achieving successful political and economic domination.

The current research comprehensively carries out a comparative study between Filipino and Mandarin languages. Specifically, it has a specific focus on the comparative analysis of the syntactic aspect of the two languages. Methods including qualitative analysis, comparative analysis as well as literature synthesis were employed to facilitate to carry out the current research. Upon showing the similarities between the two languages of Filipino and Mandarin languages, the results also reflected a great number of differences in terms of the syntactic aspect between the two languages. In view of that, the current research ultimately wrapped up itself with certain enlightenment for all the language educators with respect to their language instruction in the future as well as all the language researchers in terms of their follow-up language instructional practices and language comparative studies.

This paper examines the ordeal of the Victorian English and Postcolonial Cameroonian children through the lenses of Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist and John Nkemngong Nkengasong’s Achakasara. Child abuse cuts across universality, timelessness, racial and gender constructs. The child in these two societal backgrounds undergoes untold suffering perpetrated by adults and their fellow children. They are exploited for commercial purposes, at the expense of their education and wellbeing. They experience physical assault through undeserved beating under the guise of domestic correction with pending eventualities being psychological trauma. A continuity of intentional abuse consciously impacts the child to view his place of birth and development as a problem. That child sees the streets as a better option. Very high probability abounds that these streets are not suitable for the developmental processes of the child but at that point, his/her actions are shaped by convictions. Dickens and Nkengasong take interest what happens to a child, in their respective societies. They pen with certainty that conventional Victorian England and contemporary Postcolonial Cameroonian societies are fraught with different shades of injustices, jeopardising the future of the younger generations. This paper is vehiculated by the Psychoanalytic theory, with focus on Anna Freud’s dimension of Psychoanalysis. Anna Freud is a child psychoanalyst concerned with the upbringing of children. The purpose of this paper is to portray the various abuses experienced by the child as demonstrated in Dickens’ Oliver Twist and Nkengasong’s Achakasara.

The Nigeria Police Force whose duty is to protect the citizens and also enforce law and order in the society has unfortunately become tainted by corruption and other vices. It is common for police officers to accept bribes, often in form of money, in the course of their duties. For example, if an offender cooperates by bribing the officers, they will escape punishment while an innocent person may be unjustly arrested and subjected to legal actions. Furthermore, Police officers betray one another, extort motorists on highways, supply weapons to criminals and act as godfathers to criminals in a bid to make more money. These among other corrupt practices of the Nigerian Police are well depicted in Yorùbá female novels. While there have been several literary works focused on crime and the Nigeria Police in Yorùbá written literature (poem, drama and prose), none has adequately explored this subject as portrayed by Yorùbá female novelists, hence, the need for this study. Using the Sociological Approach with a focus on seven female authored novels (Ikú Jàre, Kò Jẹ́ Jẹ́ Bẹ́ẹ̀, Kò Sí Látẹ, Fúnminíyì, Awọfẹ́lẹ́ Bonú, Ọ̀tafàsókè 1 and Ọ̀tafàsókè 2), this study examines how female Yorùbá novelists portray the Nigerian Police and their handling of criminal cases in their novels. Findings from this research reveal that Yorùbá female novelists portray the Nigeria Police Force as a rotten agency where majority of the officers are unrepentantly corrupt, with only a few of them exhibiting good character.

The hero's journey is a timeless narrative framework that explores the transformative journey of a protagonist facing trials, tribulations, and personal growth. Along their journey, they face inner and outer challenges, battling monsters, facing moral dilemmas, and ultimately undergoing a profound transformation. This study focused on The Legendary Struggle: A Hero’s Journey. A direct content analysis approach was used in the selected epic stories in the Philippines such as Ibalon, Indarapatra and Sulayman, Hinilawod, Hudhud of Aliguyon, and Kudaman by examining the struggles of a hero’s journey in terms of separation, initiation, and return. The results indicated in the separation phase have an emotional impact on the hero’s part and most likely on the family members and the people around. Moreover, the hero felt bothered because he would be away from his loved ones and homeland. In the initiation phase, the hero has struggles and challenges in his journey where he needs to fight to preserve the role, defend the homeland, and fight in the name of love. In the return phase, the hero struggles in returning home due to hindrances as obstacles. Despite all the struggles encountered by the heroes they still managed to return home safely.

This analysis investigated the application of psychoanalytic theory to unveil the unconscious motivations and inner struggles within characters of contemporary Philippine short stories. Inspired by Freud's concept of the unconscious mind, the study examined how seemingly trivial actions, dreams, and dialogue exposed hidden desires and conflicts. It further explored how characters grapple with past traumas, a core concept in psychoanalysis. This analysis employed a direct content analysis approach to explore how contemporary Philippine short stories depict unconscious conflicts, desires, and traumas. The concise format of short stories was advantageous, allowing for a focused examination of characters' inner lives and the subtle clues revealing hidden desires, conflicts, and fears. Purposive sampling identified works that demonstrably engaged with these themes. A close reading of the chosen stories followed, meticulously examining the text for key elements and recurring patterns. Thematic analysis techniques were then used to identify and analyze these recurring themes. Literary devices like dreams, symbols, and free indirect discourse were pinpointed within the stories, as they offer insights into unconscious motivations. Researchers then analyzed how these devices connect to relevant psychoanalytic concepts, including Freudian theory of the unconscious, unresolved traumas, and defense mechanisms. Recognizing the study's focus on the Philippines, the analysis likely considered the influence of societal expectations and traditions on the characters' unconscious conflicts. This involved examining how the specific cultural context shapes the stories' portrayals of the unconscious mind. By examining language, dreams, fantasies, and behaviors, psychoanalytic therapy sheds light on underlying conflicts, desires, and defense mechanisms influencing an individual's psychology. This study focused specifically on three elements of the unconscious: conflicts, desires, and traumas. Analyzing literary works demonstrated how these unconscious forces significantly impact thoughts, feelings, and actions. However, the analysis acknowledged limitations such as subjective interpretations and confirmation bias. Further research exploring other aspects of the unconscious offered a more comprehensive understanding of these complex dynamics.

This research investigated the representation of sexuality and erotism in selected Filipino short stories, examining the underlying psychological implications of these elements through the lens of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. By exploring narratives within a post-colonial Philippine context, the study employed directed content analysis and thematic analysis to uncover the complexities of human desire. The analysis focused on works such as "The Dead Stars" by Paz Marquez Benitez, "Midsummer" by Manuel E. Arguilla, "The Virgin" by Kerima Polotan Tuvera, and "The Riddle" by F. Sionil Jose. The research identified recurring themes of repressed desires, the negotiation of sexual identity, and the influence of cultural and societal norms. These stories revealed the intricate interplay between sexuality and identity, the confrontation of societal taboos, and the psychological dimensions of erotism. The findings highlight how authors use narrative techniques to delve into these themes, providing insights into the human psyche. Moreover, the study underscored the importance of literature as a medium for exploring the nuances of sexuality and challenging entrenched cultural taboos. By examining how these Filipino authors address and articulate themes of desire and erotism, the research contributed to a deeper understanding of the human experience and the ongoing negotiation of sexual identity within a specific cultural and historical framework.