Tsakure: Wannan muƙala mai suna “Kwaɗayi Mabuɗin Wahala: Nazarin Kwartanci da Ayyukan Kwarto a Mahangar Makaɗa Ɗanladi Mai Kiɗin Kwartaye”, an bayyana wasu dalilai da ake ganin suna daga cikin abubuwan da ke haddasa wasu mutane yin kwartanci. An samo hujjojin abin da aka faɗa daga waƙar kwartaye ta Ɗanladi. Dalilan da aka hango da ke sanya wasu mutane zama kwartaye sun haɗa da kwaɗayi da gado da kasancewar mutum hariji da yin abota da kwarto da mallakar magani da sauransu kamar yadda aka ciro daga waƙar kwartaye ta makaɗa Ɗanladi. Haka kuma an bayyana wasu ayyukan da kwartaye ke aikatawa da suka haɗa da kwartanci da gudu da fasa darni da neman magani da neman matan maƙwabta da sauransu. An yi hira da wasu mutane da dama da ba a ambaci sunayensu ba da sunayen garuruwan da suke domin guje wa ta-da-zaune-tsaye, domin idan aka ba da bayanin wani ta hanyar ambatar sunan wanda aka yi hira da shi, zai ga an ci mutuncinsa. Domin guje wa hakan aka sakaya sunayen waɗanda aka yi hira da su da sunayen garuruwan da suke. An kawo abubuwan da muƙalar ta hango a matsayin sakamakon bincike da shawarwarin da ake ganin za su taimaka wajen rage matsalar kwartaye da kwartanci.

Abstract: This article attempts to discern the images in William Carlos Williams’s poem This Is Just to Say that is a short poem of twelve lines. It deals with the apology of the poetic persona after the action of eating the plums that were delicious, sweet and cold. The article writer underlines some words that function as images in the poem. He tries his best to describe the images which have become the foundations for the themes of the poems. This article is significant to those who are interested in learning images in poetry.

Abstract: The ultimate goal of this paper is to provide an in-depth analysis of the frequency of the types I will, I am going to, and I am –ing within five corpora (the Corpus of Contemporary American English (1 billion, US, 1990-2019), the British National Corpus (100 million, British, 1980s-1993), the Corpus of Historical American English (400 million, US, 1810s-2000s), the Hansard Corpus (1.6 billion, British Parliament, 1800-2000), and the Time Magazine Corpus (100 million, US, 1923-2006)). The COCA clearly indicates that Americans prefer using the type I will to using the types I am going to and I am –ing in six genres except for the blog genre and magazine genre. In the other two genres, the type I am –ing is the most preferred by Americans, followed by the type I will and the type I am going to, in that order. On the other hand, the BNC clearly shows that the type I will was the most preferred by British people in three genres, whereas the type I am –ing was the most preferred by them in the other four genres. The COHA shows that the type I will was the most preferable type for Americans from 1810 to 2000, followed by the type I am –ing and the type I am going to, in that order. When it comes to the HC, it is worth noting that the type I am –ing was the most preferred by British politicians from 1800 to 2000. Americans and British people preferred talking about a new idea or something new to talking about what they have arranged to do or what they have decided to do. On the other hand, British politicians preferred talking about what they have arranged to do to talking about a new idea. As for the TMC, it is worthwhile noting that the type I am –ing was the most preferred by educated Americans from the 1920s to the 2000s. They were fond of talking about what they have arranged to do, but they were not keen on talking about what they have decided to do. Finally, it is significant to note that the type I will was the most preferable type for Americans and British people, whereas the type I am –ing was the most preferable one for educated Americans and British politicians.

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate the professional development situation, professional development needs, participation in professional development activities and efforts for language improvement of English language teachers of Sargodha region teaching at graduate level. The study also aimed to identify the role of institutions and provision of resources for professional development of teachers. The data was collected from 57 English teachers through questionnaire and interviews. The results revealed that teachers perceive themselves to be highly competent in their subject, motivated and communicatively competent in most of the investigated areas but they need training in all areas. So there is a need to evaluate all the teachers and initiate their training sessions in their weak areas. The high perceived need was detected in the area of development of communication skills among their students, who most of the times are passive and hesitant speakers especially when large in number. The teachers are also needed to be trained to develop cooperation among colleagues and curriculum designers for professional progress. They are also needed to increase their everyday efforts for language improvement. They should be motivated to take responsibility of their own learning process. It was found that less or almost no institutional assistance is provided to the teachers. There are no pre-service or in-service courses except some short programmes. So it is recommended that proper courses should be organized by the authorities for professional development of teachers as teachers have high perceived needs for in-service courses and availability of resources and multimedia at their institutions.

Abstract: The present paper deals with the failure stories of the characters of Anita Desai. The present study focuses on why she has presented her characters as failure ones and how with the failure stories she exposes the untouched and hidden aspects of city life that cause certain mayhem.

Abstract: The present paper “Ode to a Nightingale: The Applause, Delight, and Wonder of English Literature” deals with the study of Keats’ mammoth contribution to English poetry. Reflecting on the choosing of words, style, and technique the paper proves his mastery in poetry. Thus a detailed study reveals interesting features of the ode contributed to English poetry. The focus has been on how the poet has managed to achieve immaculateness.The present study, undertaken in the manner presented in this work, will not only provide the reader with insights into the theme of the ode, but also encourage him/her to think afresh about the art of the composing that made him the best and distinguished above the rest of romantic poets.

Abstract: As a Gothic work, E.T.A. Hoffmann’s “The Sandman” creates a dark, gloomy atmosphere through episodic trips into the dark depths of Nathanael’s disturbed psyche and frequent visits from the frightening Coppelius or Coppola, otherwise identified by Nathanael as the Sandman. As a Romantic work, “The Sandman” reflects the creative, often chaotic, mind of the artist and echoes the prominent, often intrusive, voice of the author. However, “The Sandman” also resembles a contemporary text that presents filtered images while exploring the dark depths of a human psyche. In its attempt at tracing the formation of a complex, the text sheds light on the conflict between vision and illusion, inner vision and outer vision.