Soil-transmitted helminth infections remain a significant public health challenge in underserved communities, where children face heightened risks of illness, malnutrition, and disrupted education. School-based deworming campaigns have been widely promoted as cost-effective strategies to improve both child health and educational outcomes. This study synthesizes evidence from landmark trials, systematic reviews, and long-term follow-ups to assess the validity of such claims. Findings confirm that deworming reliably reduces worm prevalence and improves immediate health indicators, but evidence on school attendance, cognitive performance, and long-term economic productivity is inconsistent. While some studies report promising effects, methodological critiques and re-analyses highlight substantial variability and uncertainty. The discussion emphasizes the need to situate deworming as a complementary health intervention rather than a stand-alone educational strategy. Future research directions include embedding digital accountability frameworks for program monitoring and incorporating trauma-informed, context-sensitive approaches to ensure equitable, sustainable impacts on child well-being.