The intersection of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Transcendentalist philosophy and Oodgeroo Noonuccal’s Indigenous poetics, focusing on conceptions of nature and selfhood is the centre of this paper. While emerging from radically distinct historical, cultural, and epistemological contexts, both authors foreground the ethical and transformative potential of human engagement with the natural world. Emerson’s essays “Nature” (1836) and “Self-Reliance” (1841) articulate a vision of individual autonomy, moral self-cultivation, and spiritual insight, positioning nature as symbolic of universal truths. Oodgeroo’s poetry, particularly We Are Going (1964), situates selfhood relationally, embedding it within land, community, and historical memory, and often addressing ecological and cultural disruption. This article employs a comparative, qualitative methodology integrating hermeneutic close reading, ecocriticism, and postcolonial theory to analyse convergences and divergences in their representations of nature and selfhood. Key points of convergence include resistance to materialist reductionism, critique of institutional authority, and valorisations of experiential engagement with nature, while divergences emerge in conceptions of individual versus collective selfhood, historical consciousness, and political engagement. By reconciling these elements, the study demonstrates that Emerson’s Universalist idealism and Oodgeroo’s culturally specific poetics mutually illuminate the ethical stakes of human–nature relationships. The analysis underscores the need for pluralistic frameworks in literary and ecological scholarship, showing that moral and philosophical reflection on the self and environment must negotiate both abstract principles and historical realities. Ultimately, this study contributes to cross-cultural literary discourse by situating Indigenous poetics alongside canonical Transcendentalist thought, revealing the ethical and epistemological richness of their comparative reading.