GAJRC |Volume-8-Issue-02

Global Academic Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences

Volume-8-Issue-02

March 24, 2026

Evaluating the Impact of Land Use Change on Urban Heat Island Intensity in Ikeja Lago, Nigeria through Multi-Temporal LST Data and GIS-Based Modeling

Onuegbu F.E, Ogbaa S. I, Kalu A.O, Nwodo G. O, Nwafor K.O, Nwobi C.J, Ugwu O. J, Nwankwo S. I, Abdulmumin A. L, Duruanyim H.I, Babatunde O. R, Nkemdirim A.E, Uzoho M.C, Obike S.C
Glob Acad J Agri Biosci, 2026; 8(2): 10-24
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2026.v08i02.001

Rapid urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa is rapidly transforming land use and land cover (LULC) in a way that has enormous implications for both local climate and human well-being. This paper measures the spatiotemporal dynamics of LULC changes and its effect on land surface temperature (LST) and Urban Heat Island (UHI) strength in Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria, the administrative capital of Africa’s largest megacity, over a ten-year period (2015–2025). Multi-temporal Landsat-8 and Landsat-9 imagery was classified using the Random Forest algorithm (overall accuracy: 91.4-93.2%) while LST was derived from the thermal band. Post classification change detection and transition-specific thermal analysis was integrated to ascertain the amount of warming attributable to individual LULC conversion. Results show a dramatic transformation of landscape: built-up area increased 44.7% (1,980–2,865 ha) while vegetation decreased 54.9% (1,256–567 ha). The area of water bodies decreased 41.6% (154 to 90 ha). The mean LST also increased 1.6°C (39.9°C to 41.5°C) with maximum values in 2025 exceeding 46.6°C, 8 times the global background warming rate. Vegetation-to-built-up conversions were the most significant contributors (+4.2°C) to warming, 2.6°C above background rates, followed by buildings, roads and impervious surfaces (+3.0°C), then the vegetation transition (+2.3°C). Attribution analysis shows that 85.3% of the total warming effect attributable to the loss of vegetation in urban areas. A critical cooling threshold was determined at 25% vegetation cover, and 12.7% of the study region now exceeds this threshold. Heat islands tended to remain strong in industrial, transport and commercial areas. This work offers the first-ever empirical estimate of transition-specific thermal impacts within a West African city, establishing that the loss of vegetation is the leading driver of UHI intensification. Vigilant and focused policy intervention, such as preservation of green space, targeted greening of hot spots and incorporation of heat stress criteria into the planning of cities, is needed to address dangerous warming and increase climate tolerance in the rapidly urbanizing tropical cities.

March 24, 2026

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Land Surface Temperature Variability across Urban-Rural Gradients in Lagos Mainland, Nigeria Using High Resolution GIS and Remote Sensing

Nwodo G. O, Onuegbu F.E, Ogbaa S. I, Kalu A.O, Nwafor K.O, Nwobi C.J, Ugwu O. J, Nwankwo S. I, Abdulmumin A. L, Duruanyim H.I, Babatunde O. R, Nkemdirim A.E, Uzoho M.C, Obike S.C
Glob Acad J Agri Biosci, 2026; 8(2): 25-37
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2026.v08i02.002

Urbanization in sub-Saharan African cities is altering the land surface and local climate conditions. However, the empirical data on the spatiotemporal patterns of land surface temperature (LST) along the urban–rural gradient at the local administrative level is scarce. Therefore, this study assessed the impact of land use/land cover (LULC) change on the LST dynamics in Lagos Mainland, Nigeria, a rapidly urbanizing area within Africa’s most rapidly expanding megacity, between 2015 and 2025 using a combination of GIS and remote-sensing techniques. Multitemporal Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS data (30 m resolution) acquired during the dry season months were employed for this analysis. The data were classified using a supervised classification technique and the maximum likelihood classifier to produce the LULC maps for 2015, 2020, and 2025. LST was obtained in three steps: conversion to spectral radiance, computation of brightness temperature, and emissivity correction using NDVI-based approach. A confusion matrix was used for accuracy assessment and an overall classification accuracy of 87.5% (κ = 0.84) was achieved. A significant LULC change occurred, i.e., 71.1% decline in the vegetation area (from 1065 to 308 ha) and 748.5% rise in the bare area (from 97 to 823 ha) from 2015 to 2025 and built-up area increase (from 867 to 1067 ha). The spatiotemporal variation in LST was found to be prominent as the mean surface temperature was increased from 27.61 °C (2020) to 41.22 °C (2025). Furthermore, the results of the spatial overlay analysis and bivariate correlation analysis show that there are strong positive correlation values between LST and built-up area (r > 0.80) and significant negative correlation values between LST and vegetation area (r < -0.70), thereby showing that green spaces have potential in mitigating thermal conditions. Thus, the results of this study give an empirical insight into the association between LST and land use and land cover types as evidence of the thermal impacts of urbanization at local administrative level and therefore calls for the need to consider LULC planning strategies to mitigate UHI effects. The study also shows that the use of high resolution remote sensing data is effective in the application of SDGs in tropical developing cities with limited data, and also provides baseline data for policy implications on UHI in rapidly urbanising African cities.

April 10, 2026

The Global Challenge of Climate Change and how AI might be Applied to Tackle this Challenge

Akhil Shaikh
Glob Acad J Agri Biosci, 2026; 8(2): 38-43
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2026.v08i02.003

Top Editors

Dr. R Anandan
Associate Editorial Board
Principal Scientist & ICAR-National Fellow Biochemistry & Nutrition Division ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology Matsyapuri (PO), Cochin-682029, India Email: kranandan@rediffmail.com

Prof. Mohammed Nader Shalaby
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Associate Professor of Biological Sciences and Sports Health Department, Faculty of Physical Education, Suez Canal University, Egypt Email: dr.m.nader@hotmail.com

Prof. Alaa Abdelmoneam Ghazy
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Professor of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt Email: aaghazy7@hotmail.com

Dr. Sanjay Swami
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School of Natural Resource Management, College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Central Agricultural University, Umiam-793103, Meghalaya, India Email: sanjayswamionline@gmail.com

Dr. Abhishek Raj
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Assistant Professor & Head, Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Mewar University, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan - INDIA Email: ranger0392@gmail.com

Dr. S. Lingathurai
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Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology and Research Centre, Aditanar College of Arts and Science, Tiruchendur, Thoothukudi Dt, Tamilnadu, India Email: lings02@gmail.com

Dr. Md. Ashraful Kabir
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Department of Biology, Saidpur Cantt Public College, Bangladesh Email: ashraful.mission@gmail.com

Prof. Dr. Ahmed El-Sayed Ismail
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Plant Pathology Department, Nematology Laboratory, National Research Centre, Cairo Egypt Email: iismail2002@yahoo.co.uk

Dr. Iman Akbarpour
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Department of Wood and Paper Sciences and Technology , Faculty of Wood and Paper Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran Email: iman.akbarpour@gmail.com

Mrs. Bhagyashree Patil
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Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural process engineering, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krish vidyapeeth, Akola Maharashtra India Email: bhagyashreepatil21@gmail.com

Dr. Md. Abdul Helim Khan
Associate Editorial Board
Senior Scientific Officer, On-Farm Research Division Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute 18, Charpara, Mymensingh, Bangladesh Email: helim1367@gmail.com

Dr. Sourabh Deori
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Animal Production Division ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya, INDIA - 793103 Email: sourabhd1@rediffmail.com

Prof. Ahmed RG
Deputy Chief-Editor
Zoology Department, Faculty of science Beni-suef University, Beni-suef city, Egypt E-mails; ahmedragab08@gmail.com

Dr. Abdul Wali A. Al Khulaidi
Editor-in-Chief
Associate Professor, Plant Geography, Flora and Vegetation, Member of The Centre for Middle Eastern Plants (CMEP) Al Baha University., Baljurashi Saudi Arabia Email: abdulwali20@yahoo.com

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