The organisation of festivals and major events of various kinds has become more important in recent years, not only by focusing on the short-term increase in tourism demand, but also as an element of urban development policy with hoped-for effects on politics, economy and society. The aim of this study is to make a comprehensive inventory of the structures of event management and marketing in tourism in order to create recommendations for action. The method used in this study was a review of the relevant literature. In the analysis of various research results, it was discovered that the communication instrument of event marketing is characterised by its constitutive features as well as the goals that can be achieved through the use of event marketing. The core task of event marketing is considered to be the experience-oriented presentation of a product, a service or a company as well as the strategic use of events within communication. On the other hand, the goal of an event, when classified in the field of marketing events, is to create an experience for a special target group. Accordingly, the focus is not on the sales character as in event marketing, but on the consumer himself and the improvement of the subjective quality of life of the individual by strongly emphasising the experience. In this respect, a marketing event embodies the actual event, by virtue of which the customer is also encouraged to participate. The attractiveness of such events results from the assumption that by generating emotions in potential customers, product-related messages can be conveyed in an experience-oriented manner and thus positively influences the buying attitude towards the products of the organising company. Above all, collective emotions play a decisive role regarding both the effects of the experience and the realisation of strategically important communication goals of the company. Sports events emotionalise the audience in a special way. Therefore, the central objectives of sports event management and marketing are the changes in attitude or image improvements. However, sport alone as a programme item does not guarantee a successful event. Furthermore, optimal planning, implementation and control are also required. It is also clear that the areas of ecology and social issues have become much more important in recent years. Whereas economic aspects used to be the focus of attention in the past, today the ecological and social areas form an increasingly important basis for exploiting the opportunities offered by events.

Sokoto Caliphate was a famous formation established by the Fulani Jihadists and their Hausa supporters in the Hausaland and environs, which led to the revival of the Hausaland traditional hegemony system and polity of Islam. Later, the British invaded the region and colonialized it. Still, the system laid by Usman Danfodio is unavoidable. The actors in this Danfodio system contributed hugely in the development using their traditional powers. One of the famous grand-scions of Usman Danfodio was the Sarkingobir Gwadabawa Abdurrahman MFR (who lived circa in 1903-1968 A.D.). Abdurrahman was from the Atikawa branch, popularly known for education and lerdership shrewdness. He obtained Islamic and Western education accordingly. He started representing Gwadabawa in the aspects of hegemony as early as 1916. Later in 1927-1931, Abdurrahman was turbaned as the Sardauna of Sokoto. In 1931, Abdurrahman was crowned as the Sarkingobir Gwadabawa, District Head of Gwadabawa, and a more important post than the Sardauna of Sokoto. During the reign of Abdurrahman as Sarkingobir Gwadabawa he recorded many achievements. He ensured the transmogrification of Illela bush to a town. He ensured many contributions in the development of Gwadabawa District and Illela. Many years after the demise of Abdurrahman, in 1989, Illela city became local government to be continually headed by Muhammadu Zayyana (Sarkingobir) as part of his Gwadabawa domain. In 1997, Muhammadu Tukur, son of Sarkingobir Abdurrahman was appointed as substantive district head of the whole Illela region disgorged from Gwadabawa. In 2020, Muhammadu Tukur was succeeded by his son, Buhari Tukur as district head of Illela region.

The current study investigated the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the psychological well-being of undergraduate students in Rivers State, Southern Nigeria. The study adopted the descriptive longitudinal research design with a sample of 108 students drawn using the convenience sampling technique. Using six research questions and corresponding null hypotheses, the study further ascertained the impact of the pandemic on the psychological well-being dimensions of autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with other, purpose of life and self-acceptance. Data for the study was collected before and during the pandemic using traditional paper-and-pencil format and Google Forms® respectively. Collected data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and mean difference to answer the research questions, while dependent sample t-test was used to test the corresponding null hypotheses. Result revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant negative impact on the psychological functioning of the students with the positive relations with others dimension having the greatest impact. On the basis of the result, it was therefore recommended that it is important for students to undergo psychological screening to ascertain their mental health functioning so as to provide them with support system to not only stabilize their psychological health, but also their improve their holistic functioning.