GAJRC |Volume-4-Issue-02

Global Academic Journal of Medical Sciences

Volume-4-Issue-02

March 4, 2022

“Pattern of Sexually Transmitted Infections: Treated in A Private Clinic at Dhaka, Bangladesh”

Md. Mahmudur Rahman, Sharmina Haq, Saida Rashid, Syeda Rubana Hossain
Glob Acad J Med Sci, 2022; 4(2): 34-38
DOI : 10.36348/gajms.2022.v04i02.001

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), continue to present major health, social, and economic problems in the developing world, leading to considerable morbidity, mortality, stigma and long-term disability, economic loss and death throughout the world. Despite the availability of effective treatment and preventive measures, incidence of STIs is increasing even in developed countries. Objectives: To determine the pattern of sexually transmitted infections in patients presenting with genital symptoms. Material and Methods: A cross sectional, descriptive study was carried in the Dermatology-Venereology Clinic of Holy Lab Diagnostic & Consultation Centre, Uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January to December 2019. During one year period, a total of 140 consecutive cases were enrolled in this study. The diagnosis of infections was made clinically with relevant laboratory investigations and they were interviewed for their sexual behaviour after taking consent and assuring confidentiality. Results: A total of one hundred forty (140) patients who presented with genital symptoms were studied. The average age of this population was 28.84 years (±9.15) and it ranged from 18-58 years. 3.7% belonged to age group 18-27 years, followed by 28-37 years (22.1%); 38-47 yrs (52.8%); 48-57 yrs (18.5%) and > 57 yrs (2.8%). Majority patients of 38-47 yrs 74 cases 52.8%. Males outnumbered females, constituting 76.2% of the total patients, with male to female ratio of 3.37:1. Out of the total 140, some had multiple complaints while others were asymptomatic. Majority cases of burning micturition in both male and female patients 39(24%). Burning micturition and discharge from genitalia was also observed in both sexes. The most frequently encountered infection in both male and female was Gonococcal Urethritis (GU) 42 (30%). The infections were common among both married and unmarried people. Other group of people who had no STI (23.5%) was suffering from venereophobia, pearly penile papules and some form of dermatitis. No case of HIV infection was encountered in this study. Gonococcal Urethritis was common mainly among businessman, transportation worker, security personnel and housewives. Other infections were equally dispersed in all other occupation groups. Conclusions: The prevention and control of STI is based on health education, appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Sexually active people adolescents and young adults should be provided with proper sex education about delaying sex debut and protective measures (correct and consistent use of barrier method during every sexual act) to prevent these infections with especial focus on monogamous relationship.

March 4, 2022

A Rare Case of Bilateral Post Intravitreal Avastin Endophthalmitis with Bilateral Good Visual Outcome – A Case Report

Jessie I. M. Nyalazi, Kangwa I. M. Muma, David Kasongole
Glob Acad J Med Sci, 2022; 4(2): 39-44
DOI : 10.36348/gajms.2022.v04i02.002

March 4, 2022

Myocilin Mutations in a Zambian Population Attending Selected Referral Eye Health Facilities

Muma I. M. Kangwa, Bailey Robin, Nyalazi I. M. Jessie, Zulu George, Malisawa-Mumba S. Tyness, Musonda - Chinama M. L. Lillian, Muma-Sibande Kachikonyo, Kaonga Patrick, Simulundu Edgar
Glob Acad J Med Sci, 2022; 4(2): 45-55
DOI : 10.36348/gajms.2022.v04i02.003

Purpose: Research has shown that primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in Zambia has an earlier age of onset and is more clinically severe than in Europe and the United States of America. Mutations of Myocilin have been reported to be associated with POAG in multiple populations. We therefore, investigated the role of myocilin gene mutations in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in a Zambian population. Methods: The unrelated POAG patients and unaffected controls seen at the University Teaching Hospitals Eye Hospital, Kitwe Teaching Eye Hospital and Lusaka Eye Hospital were recruited for this study. Glaucoma specialists from the participating institutions ascertained all POAG and control patients. Age, sex and ethnicity matched unaffected controls were obtained in patients with an IOP < 22 mm Hg, clear ocular media and normal-appearing optic nerve heads. A complete eye examination, including visual field assessment, was performed in all cases. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole peripheral blood, then subjected to polymerase chain reaction to amplify exons, flanking introns and promoter regions of the myocilin gene. The amplified products were screened for base mutations by autosequence based on the Sanger method. The study used the chi square test and conditional logistic regression to compare the cases and controls. Identified mutations were compared to known myocilin mutations. Results: Unrelated 165 POAG patients and unaffected 173 controls enrolled for the study. The analysis revealed four variants of myocilin mutations in 49 participants which included one synonymous (silent) mutation (Thr474Thr; 45/338) and three missense mutations (Ala446Thr; 16/338), (Leu158Arg; 4/338) and (Arg342Lys; 1/338). The prevalence of myocilin (MYOC) gene mutations in this study was 14.5% (49/338). The study observed two previously reported mutations, Ala446Thr and Arg342Lys, as glaucoma causing mutations. The variant (Lys158Arg) observed in the study was a novel finding. These mutations were detected in age, sex and ethnically matched controls. The missense mutation, Ala446Thr, was found in eight cases and eight controls. Twenty (20) controls and 25 cases had the synonymous or silent (neutral) mutation, (Thr474Thr). Conclusions: The myocilin mutations represent a prevalence of 14.5 in a Zambian population. The Leu158Arg seems to represent novel glaucoma, causing missense mutation. Mutations in myocilin appear to play a big role in the pathogenesis of POAG in a Zambian population.

March 4, 2022

The Prevalence, Causes and Prevention of Occupational Musculoskeletal Disorders

Kuok Ho Daniel Tang
Glob Acad J Med Sci, 2022; 4(2): 56-68
DOI : 10.36348/gajms.2022.v04i02.004

March 13, 2022

A Systemic Review of an Untold Story: The Financial Abuse

Shailla Cannie
Glob Acad J Med Sci, 2022; 4(2): 69-73
DOI : 10.36348/gajms.2022.v04i02.005

April 7, 2022

Comparative Effectiveness of Drugs in the Treatment of Primary Headache

Mohammed Momenuzzaman Khan, Farhana Younus, Mohammad Ibrahim Hossain, Ayesha Tabassum Swarna, Nelson Taposh Mondal, Sajal Kumar Shil
Glob Acad J Med Sci, 2022; 4(2): 74-77
DOI : 10.36348/gajms.2022.v04i02.006

Introduction: Primary headache disorder, characterized by recurrent headache is the most prevalent disease leading to widespread ill health and impaired quality of life. Headache is one of the most common cause of patient attending neurology clinic. Amitriptyline, flunarizine and topiramate are common drugs in the treatment of primary headache. Objective: To compare the efficacy of drugs namely Amitriptyline, flunarizine and topiramate in the treatment of primary headache. Methods and Materials: This is the retrospective data analysis study was contacted at Dept. Of Neurology, Enam Medical College Hospital, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh from March to June 2022. Data analysis of primary headache patients treated with amitriptyline, flunarizine and topiramate. On their first, second and third subsequent visits, Headache Impact Test 6 Scoring was done by a medical person. Patients were treated clinically. After the third follow up data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Categorical variables were compared by chi-square test, paired sample t-test, ANOVA test and Welch test. Results: A total of 121 patient data was analyzed. Most patients were between 16 to 40 years of age (54.34%) followed by 41-60 years of age (33.80%) with minimum age of 16 years and maximum age of 60 years respectively. Among the patients in the study group, the majority were female (85%). All three medications: amitriptyline, flunarizine and topiramate were able to significantly lower Headache impact test -17.23 ± 6.643, -14.06 ± 7.155, -15.82 ± 5.907 respectively (P-<0.001). Amitriptyline was found to be better than other two drugs in reducing Headache Impact Test. Conclusion: Primary headache is a common presentation in neurological OPD. Female between ages 16-60 years had more primary headache. Amitriptyline, flunarizine and topiramate all are effective in the treatment of primary headache. Though tension type of headache is the most common type of headache, amitriptyline seems to be equally effective in treatment with other primary headaches.

April 12, 2022

Electromyogram (EMG) and Nerve Conduction Study (NCS) Findings in Children with Neuromuscular Disorders

Dr. Shaoli Sarker, Dr. A.Z.M. Azam, Dr. Humaira Rafiqa Quaderi
Glob Acad J Med Sci, 2022; 4(2): 78-82
DOI : 10.36348/gajms.2022.v04i02.007

Background: An electromyogram (EMG) measures the electrical activity of muscles when they're at rest and when they're being used. On the other hand, nerve conduction study (NCS) is a medical diagnostic test used to evaluate the function, especially the ability of electrical conduction, of the motor and sensory nerves of the human body. Both are used to diagnose the status of neuromuscular disorders even in children. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to assess the findings of electromyogram and nerve conduction study in children with neuromuscular disorders. Methods: This retrospective, observational study was conducted in the department of Paediatric Neuroscience, Dhaka Shishu Hospital & BICH, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from January 2010 to December 2016. In total 65 suspected children with neuromuscular disorders were selected as the study subjects. After elaborating the history taking and physical examination a provisional diagnosis was made and sent for NCS and EMG to trained personnel at Bangladesh Protibondhi Foundation along with other necessary investigations. All data were recorded and the “clinical and etiological” profile was correlated with the neurophysiologic findings retrospectively. Results: As investigation reports of EMG, among all participants, we found normal findings in 21 participants. Besides these, a variety of SMA and/or late-onset SMA were found in 16 participants. Moreover, diffuse fibrillation, biphasic complex, repetitive spontaneous discharge was found among 6 participants. On the other hand, as per the investigation reports of NCS among all the participants, the normal finding was in 34 participants. Besides this low amplitude CMAP and SNAP, low amplitude CMAP, variable sensory conduction velocity, and slow conduction velocity with temporal dispersion were found in 3, 6, another 3, and 4 participants respectively. The compatibilities of electrophysiological diagnosis were found at 68% for detecting neurogenic disease and 71% for detecting myogenic disease. On the other hand, the compatibilities of the Nerve Conduction Study were found 46% for detecting neurogenic disease and 50% for detecting myogenic disease. Conclusion: NCS and EMG are crucial investigations to reach confirmation as well as the exclusion of the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorder in children.

April 12, 2022

Presentation and Outcomes of Jejunoileal Atresia Treatment in Neonates

Dr. S.M. Khalid Mahmud, Dr. Jahanara Laizu, Dr. Rakibul Islam, Prof. Aminur Rashid, Dr. Nurul Ferdous, Dr. S. M. Mahmud
Glob Acad J Med Sci, 2022; 4(2): 83-87
DOI : 10.36348/gajms.2022.v04i02.008

Background: Intestinal atresia is a very common cause of neonatal intestinal obstruction. Jejunoileum is the commonest site of intestinal atresia. The frequencies of Jejunoileal atresia are still few in developing countries. We have not enough research-based information regarding the presentation and outcomes of jejunoileal atresia treatment. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to assess the presentation and outcomes of neonates with jejunoileal atresia. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital, and Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh during period from July 2016 to June 2020-. In total 27 neonates with jejunoileal atresia were included as the study subjects for this study. Patients with suspected jejunoileal atresia (JA) but who died before surgery and duodenal or colonic atresia were excluded from the study. A predesigned questionnaire was used in data collection. All data were collected, processed, and analyzed by using MS Office and SPSS version 23.0 programs as per need. Results: In this study, the male-female ratio was 1:1.25. The highest number of participants were with Type I atresia which was 37%. In the majority of the participants (59%) as a primary surgical procedure, a single small bowel anastomosis was performed. As early complications ‘Clavien-Dindo ≥III’ and cholestasis were found among 26% and 37% of patients respectively which were considered the most frequent. On the other hand, as of late complications, short bowel syndrome was found in 22% of patients which was noticeable. Finally, in this intervention 4% cases of mortality were found whereas 96% were survived. Conclusion: Till now intestinal atresia (IA), as well as jejunoileal atresia, are associated with unacceptably high morbidity as well as mortality because of inadequate neonatal intensive care, late presentation, and lack of parenteral nutritional support, especially in the countries of the third world.

April 18, 2022

“Hemodynamic Changes Between Endotracheal Intubation And Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion”

Md. Belal Uddin, Monowar Hossain Talukder, Mainuddin Ahmed, Khondaker Shaheen Hossain, Faruk Ahmed
Glob Acad J Med Sci, 2022; 4(2): 88-93
DOI : 10.36348/gajms.2022.v04i02.009

Introduction: Haemodynamic stability is an important aspect to the anaesthesiologist for the benefit of the patients especially during intubations, laryngeal mask insertion. Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation can cause striking changes in Haemodynamics as result of intense stimulation of sympathetic nervous system. Airway management is a crucial skill for the clinical anesthesiologist. Objective: To evaluate the hemodynamic changes between endotracheal intubation and laryngeal mask airway insertion. Material and Methods: This was prospective observational study conducted in Dept. Of Anesthesiology, 250 Bedded Shaheed Shaikh Abu Naser Specialized Hospital, Khulna, Bangladesh from July to December 2020. This was a prospective observational study on 52 patients of ASA I-II status divided into 2 groups of 26 each. In the ETT (Endotracheal tube) group endotracheal intubation was done using Macintosh laryngoscope by using portex cuffed endotracheal while in LMA (Laryngeal mask airway) group laryngeal mask airway was inserted according to the standard recommendation. Heart rate, Systolic, Diastolic and Mean arterial pressure and dysrhythmias were monitored. Results: The two groups were comparable in terms of demographic data as there were no significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of age, sex, duration of surgery, ASA grades and MPC classification. Heart rate (HR), Systolic blood pressure (SBP), Diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Mean arterial pressure (MAP) remains on higher side in ETT group than LMA group which was statistically significant. P<0.05. Dysrhythmias were noted in 2 patients of ETT group while LMA group did not notice any dysrhythmias. Conclusion: In conclusion the demonstrated that there is a haemodynamic response consisting of an increase in Heart rate, SBP, DBP and MAP that comes with ETT insertion as well as with LMA insertion. However, the response caused by ETT insertion is significantly greater than that caused by LMA insertion.

April 18, 2022

Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Single Shot Epidural Dexamethasone to Bupivacaine Undergoing Lower Abdominal Surgeries

I. R. M. Sazzad Haider, Tayeba Haque, Mizanur Rahman
Glob Acad J Med Sci, 2022; 4(2): 94-99
DOI : 10.36348/gajms.2022.v04i02.010

Background: Good postoperative analgesia helps to reduce postoperative stress response, improve patient satisfaction, and improve outcome. Epidural block with local anaesthetic with or without additives is being used for perioperative analgesia. Various additives have been used to enhance the effect of regional blocks including epidural blocks. Objective: To assess the postoperative analgesia in patients single shot epidural dexamethasone to bupivacaine undergoing lower abdominal surgeries. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, double blind study carried out at the Dept. of Anesthesia, Sheikh Russel National Gastroliver institute and hospital, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July to December 2021. One hundred (100) adults patients of ASA physical status I and II of age Group 16-65 years and undergoing routine elective lower abdominal surgery. The patients were randomized into two groups. Group A received 9ml of 0.5% bupivacaine plain with 1 ml of normal saline. Group B received 9ml of 0.5% bupivacaine plain 9 ml with 1 ml of dexamethasone (4mg). After standard balanced anaesthesia technique, patients were observed in postoperative period for pain and hemodynamic variables accordingly. Results: In our study 100 patients belonging to ASA physical status I and II undergoing lower abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia were studied. The patient’s age ranged from 16 to 65 years. Our study showed significantly longer duration of analgesia of 8 hours when dexamethasone was added to bupivacaine for single shot epidural injection compared to four and half hours when bupivacaine alone was used (p<0.001). Consumption of rescue analgesic, Tramadol, was significantly lower in dexamethasone group in 24 hours (168.32±49.72 mg in Group A and 113.72±60.57mg in Group B, p<0.001). No adverse events were noted. The both groups the lowest blood pressure was observed at ½ hours following the block and highest at 6 hours. While comparing the two groups at 6 hours the blood pressure in Group B (120.56±12.06) was significantly less than that in Group A (125.90±9.54) (p=0.024). No significant difference was observed at ½ hours, 12 hours and 24 hours after the block. Conclusion: In conclusion, the quality of analgesia it offers not only in post-operative pain but also in labour analgesia and chronic pain management. Addition of dexamethasone to bupivacaine for single shot epidural block almost doubled the duration of analgesia. Single shot epidural block using bupivacaine with addition of dexamethasone provides effective post-operative analgesia and significantly reduced the postoperative rescue analgesic requirement.

April 18, 2022

Electrolyte Disturbance in Patients with Head Injury in Neuro ICU, EMCH, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abu Tahir Moh’d Sahidullah Monsur, A. K. M Bazlul Karim, Md. Arif Hasan, Md. Rezwan Radid, Nelson Taposh Mondol
Glob Acad J Med Sci, 2022; 4(2): 100-104
DOI : 10.36348/gajms.2022.v04i02.011

Background: A head injury is a broad term that describes a vast array of injuries that occur to the scalp, skull, brain, and underlying tissue and blood vessels in the head. Head injuries are also commonly referred to as brain injury or traumatic brain injury (TBI), depending on the extent of the head trauma. Serum electrolyte abnormalities (SEAs) may occur due to the initiation of destructive inflammatory and biochemical cascades of primary brain injury or as a result of interventions such as hyperosmolar therapy. Objective: To evaluate the electrolyte disturbance in patients with head injury in Neuro ICU, Enam Medical College & Hospital, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methodology: It was cross sectional observational study carried out by Department of Neuro ICU, Dhaka during the period of 2017-2021. Total 37 head injury patients were included. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire containing all the variables of interest. Data was processed and analyzed with the help of computer program SPSS for windows version 25. Results: This study shows maximum (45.9%) were 15-35 years. The mean age was 30.97±18.49 years (range 2 years-71 years). Majority (94.6%) were male and only 5.4% were female. Most common head injury were due to road traffic accident (75.7%), followed by fall from height which contributes 56 (18.9%). Among 37 patients 28 (75.7%) patients normal serum sodium level, hyponatremia seen in 7 (18.9%) patients and 2 (5.4%) had hypernatremia. Hypokalemia observed in 21 (56.8%) patients, hyperkalemia in 7 (18.9) patients and 9 (24.3%) patients had normal potassium level. Hypochloremia were present in 21 (56.8%) patients, hyperchloremia in 7 (18.9%) patients and in 9 (24.3%) patients no change in serum chloride. Conclusion: Serum sodium, potassium and chloride abnormalities are common in head injury patients in this study. They are associated with higher risk of mortality and can be expected to occur in patients with abnormalities in specific clinical, radiological and acid-based parameters.

April 23, 2022

Comparison of Thyroglobulin Levels among Different Ages, Gender, and Grades of Goiter in Patients with Simple Diffuse Goiter

Dr. Muhammad Abdul Halim Khan, Md. Farid Uddin, M. A. Hasanat, Dr. Zubaida Naznin, Dr. Ashim Dhar
Glob Acad J Med Sci, 2022; 4(2): 105-109
DOI : 10.36348/gajms.2022.v04i02.012

Background: Simple diffuse goiter (SDG) which is also known as endemic goiter usually occurs in a large number of certain populations. Serum thyroglobulin (TG) is a thyroid-specific glycoprotein, that serves as the source for thyroxine (T4) as well as triiodothyronine (T3) production within the lumen of thyroid follicles. Serum thyroglobulin and urinary iodine concentration are considered the most potent indicators of iodine status and thyroid functions as thyroid volume, thyroid nodularity, or iodine excretion have close associations to serum TG. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to observe the association of serum thyroglobulin with different ages, gender, and grades of goiter in patients with simple diffuse goiter. Methods: This single-center observational study was conducted at the Department of Endocrinology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka Bangladesh during the period from May 2014 to March 2016. The targeted sample size of this study was between 39 and 90 and the final sample size was determined as 87. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 87 patients with simple diffuse goiter attending the outpatient department of the study hospital. All data were processed, analyzed, and disseminated by using MS Office and SPSS programs as per necessity. Results: The lowest level of serum thyroglobulin (ng/mL) was found in the age group of 12-16 years (6.0±4.5 ng/mL) where the mean (±SD) age was 23.97±6.83 years. The mean (±SD) S. TG (ng/mL) levels in the male and female patients were 5.76 ± 5.72 and 11.60 ± 13.50 respectively. The mean (±SD) S. TG (ng/mL) levels among the grade I and II patients were 6.79±4.33 and 11.67±13.69 respectively. Overall, S. TG had no significant correlations with various factors like age gender, and goiter grades. According to the Pearson’s or Spearman analysis in assessing the correlations, with serum thyroglobulin levels, the P values were found 0.813, 0.294, and 0.319 against age, gender, and goiter grades. Conclusion: Serum thyroglobulin has not any statistically significant correlation with age, gender, or grades of goiter in patients with simple diffuse goiter.

April 30, 2022

Comparison the Efficacy of Ketamine on the Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery for Prevention of Postoperative Shivering

Md. Rasheduzzaman, Md. Moshfiqur Rahman, Kibria Kabir, Wazed Amin, Pranab Kumar Debnath, Muhammad Sulaiman Kabir, Qazi Md. Salahuddin (Rijon), Titul Kumar Saha
Glob Acad J Med Sci, 2022; 4(2): 110-114
DOI : 10.36348/gajms.2022.v04i02.013

Introduction: Patients frequently suffer from shivering following surgery. The shivering experienced by the patients may be a natural, thermal regulatory response to central hypothermia or as a result of the release of cytokines during the surgical process. This is unpleasant and occurs following surgery in 30-65% of patients who have received general anesthetics. Shivering increases the muscular activity, O2 consumption, CO2 production and may result in hypoxaemia, hypercarbia and lactic acidosis. It is not only uncomfortable but also cold sensation which is even worse feeling than pain sensation. Objective: To assess the Comparison the efficacy of ketamine on the patients undergoing elective surgery for prevention of postoperative shivering. Material & Methods: In this prospective study was conduct at the dept. of Anaesthesia, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Medical College Hospital, Gazipur, Bangladesh from January to June-2021. Fifty (50) patients included in our study. The inclusion criteria were women aged between 30-65 years and ASA-PS classes I and II. Patients preoperative period were fasted at least 6 hrs and on arrival at OT I/V line was inserted; pulse, BP respiratory rate and SpO2 were recorded. Results: In our study fifty two (52) patients demographic data concerning the patient age, weight as well as duration of anaesthesia and type of surgery were comparable in two groups which are fairly matched. In preoperative situation in Group A mean pulse rate was 79 ±2.4, in Group B 82 ±1.5, mean anterial pressure 92.71±1.05 (Group A), 94.01±1.14 (Group B), SpO2 99±0.56 Group A, 98 ±0.26 (Group B) which showed no significant difference between the groups. In the postoperative period, incidences of shivering were 80.07% & 50% in Group-A and Group-B which are highly significant between the groups P<.001 Cardiovascular parameters SAP, DAP, MAP and SpO2 between the groups were not significant P>.05. The study showed that patients of Group-B were less shivering with good recovery. Conclusion: In concluded that the post-operative shivering are the most common complaints. The aetiology of postoperative shivering is multifactorial including anesthetic, patients and surgical factors. Antishivering prophylaxis may be justified in patients who are at great risk of developing post-operative shivering after general anaesthesia. The incidence of major side effects is not significant in ketamine group and contributes to some extent to post-operative analgesia.

Top Editors

Dr Akhtar Ali
Associate Editorial Board
MBBS, MD (Pharmacology) Senior Medical Officer District Hospital Baran, District- Baran (Rajasthan) 325205, India Email: drakhtar06@gmail.com

Dr Hozifa Mohammed Ali
Associate Editorial Board
Teaching Assistant, Department of Surgery, Alzaeim Al azhari University, Khartoum, Sudan Email: hozifa.m.ali@gmail.com

Dr. Tej Nath Nepal
Associate Editorial Board
Chie Medical Officer, Gedu Hospital, Ministry of Health, Royal Government of Bhutan Email: tnnepal@health.gov.bt

Dr. M. Shabnum
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Narayana Medical College, Nellore-524003, Andhra Pradesh, India Email: shabnummusaddiq@gmail.com

Dr Anslem Ajugwo
Associate Editorial Board
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Madonna University Nigeria E-mail:slemjugwo@yahoo.com

Dr. Devika Singh
Associate Editorial Board
Senior Resident, Department of Dentistry, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India Email: devsika@yahoo.co.in

Dr. Nkporbu A.K. (AmbP)
Associate Editorial Board
Consultant Neuropsychiatrist/Mental Health Physician, Dept. of Neuropsychiatry/Mental Health, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria Email: nakpigi2008@yahoo.com

Dr. Serkan Yazici
Associate Editorial Board
Dermatology and Venereology, Uludag University School of Medicine, Özlüce, Görükle Kampüsü, 16059 Nilüfer/Bursa, Turkey Email: serkanyazici@uludag.edu.tr

Dr. Anil Gowtham Manivannan
Executive Editor
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Arathana Hospital, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, India Email: anilthambu91@yahoo.com

Tariq Dhiyab Al-Saadi
Deputy Chief-Editor
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital- McGill University, Montreal, Canada Email: t.dhiyab@hotmail.com

Mohammed Ahamed Ahamed Abuelnour
Editor-in-Chief
Assistant Professor of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Dar-Al Uloom University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) Email: abuelnour88@yahoo.com

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