This review paper explores how Saudi industrial and manufacturing companies can enhance their strength during the transition to Vision 2030 through the optimization of working capital and debt efficiency. This paper proposes a systematic literature review to develop a practical framework that connects cash conversion discipline, operating liquidity, debt maturity design, credit-market access, and manufacturing resilience. The commentary argues that working capital should not be viewed as a limited treasury task, as manufacturers’ ability to scale, export and withstand input-price volatility depends on inventory buffers, quality of receivables, supplier payment terms, localization of procurement and production continuity. Similarly, debt efficiency is not just about getting cheaper loans; it’s about cash-flow cycle matching, asset life, covenant design, risk sharing, Sharia-compliant instruments, development finance, and capital market alternatives. Recent Saudi policy initiatives, such as the Financial Sector Development Program, the National Industrial Strategy, SIDF industrial finance, SME finance reforms and Vision 2030 diversification programs, provide enabling conditions, but firms still need internal financial architecture that translates these opportunities into sustainable growth. This paper suggests a conceptual model, two tables of evidence synthesis and two graphical representations highlighting an integrated cash-to-capital framework for Saudi manufacturing and FMCG-linked industries. The bottom line is that Saudi manufacturers can boost profitability and resilience by blending operational cash discipline with diversified debt structures, data-enabled credit control, supplier-finance partnerships, and governance metrics that support long-term industrial competitiveness.
Muhammad Arslan Anwar Bhutta
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(4): 587-597
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i04.002
The infrastructure growth in Saudi Arabia takes place on a large scale, requiring more integration between strategic risk management, occupational safety, disaster preparedness and post-disaster recovery considerations. This study creates a conceptual architecture for sustainable infrastructure development that incorporates risk management, safety management, emergency response, community preparedness and information technologies as an integrated and adaptive process. Based on recent disaster management studies and the attached Springer framework, the paper adopts the rapid evidence review approach to analyze scholarly publications from 2020 to 2025 on disaster risk management, resilient infrastructure systems, healthcare emergency readiness, digitalization and the Saudi Vision 2030 agenda. The findings of the review indicate that sustainable infrastructure development is not possible without an appropriate institutional setting and real-time communication, along with skilled and knowledgeable responders, involvement of local communities and learning from past disasters. The study develops a theoretical architecture of Saudi infrastructure preparedness that encompasses hazard assessment, risk management during the design phase, safety management at project sites, emergency operations coordination, recovery planning and performance assessment. It contributes an evidence-informed framework that could be helpful for infrastructure clients, contractors, regulators and emergency organizations dealing with transportation systems, utility networks, energy facilities, healthcare facilities and giga projects.
Remote oil and gas assets are increasingly operated through connected instrumentation, supervisory control platforms, historians, cloud analytics and integrated operations centres. This digital shift improves production surveillance, artificial-lift optimisation, reservoir management and pipeline integrity, but it also creates a cyber-physical attack surface in which manipulated telemetry, unauthorised commands, delayed alarms or compromised remote access can produce safety, environmental and production consequences. This review develops an artificial intelligence (AI)-based threat detection and response model for remote wellheads, electric submersible pump (ESP) systems and pipeline monitoring environments. Evidence published between 2020 and 2025 is synthesised across operational technology (OT) security, industrial anomaly detection, petroleum analytics, Permanent Downhole Monitoring Systems (PDHMS), downhole gauges, variable-frequency drive (VFD) monitoring and critical-infrastructure guidance. The review argues that PDHMS should not be treated as a separate topic; bottom-hole pressure, downhole temperature, vibration, intake and discharge pressure, motor current and real-time production data are integrated evidence sources for cyber-physical resilience. The proposed model combines data assurance, process-aware baselines, network intrusion detection, asset criticality, explainability, and operator-approved response playbooks. For wellheads, the key requirement is to detect command and pressure-flow inconsistencies before unsafe valve or choke action occurs. For ESP systems, cyber analytics must distinguish genuine pump degradation from malicious manipulation of VFD settings, vibration, motor current, frequency and downhole gauge data. For pipelines, detection must integrate SCADA anomalies, leak indicators, geospatial evidence and communications integrity. The review therefore prioritises cyber-physical consequence rather than alert volume, linking AI outputs to verification, containment, safe-state operation, recovery and continuous learning.
Fahad Yusuf
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(4): 610-619
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i04.004
Project control is among the processes that can be applied to the development pipeline of the mega projects in Saudi Arabia due to its capability to cope with project size, quick development cycles, global supply chain management, relationships with multiple stakeholders, and sustainability. In the current review paper, the focus will be made on examining how Oracle Primavera Cloud with artificial intelligence capabilities can increase efficiency when building mega projects in Saudi Arabia by combining information related to scheduling, costs, risks, resources, safety, and sustainability in a decision-making tool. Methodological approach that will be used to carry out literature review within the present study is a structured narrative literature review approach that will assist in identifying articles that focus on topics such as the role of artificial intelligence in construction management, cloud-based solutions in project controls, digital twins, predictive analytics techniques, and requirements of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 program between 2020 and 2025. Key findings obtained from the review of literature will provide information that can assist in developing a conceptual framework for AI-enabled Oracle Primavera Cloud application with respect to forecasting, risk analysis, scenario analysis, resources management, and executives' reporting dashboard in mega projects of Saudi Arabia. Benefits of applying artificial intelligence can include improvements in schedule efficiency, warning system accuracy, cost monitoring, claim preparation, safety management, procurement of materials, and governance processes.
Transportation infrastructure is a central instrument of Saudi Vision 2030 because it converts geography into tradable economic advantage. This review paper examines how road, rail, port, airport, dry port, logistics zone, and digital freight systems can strengthen regional economic integration in Saudi Arabia and the wider Gulf. The paper synthesizes recent policy reports, corridor studies, and transport sustainability literature published between 2020 and 2025. It argues that infrastructure development supports integration through five linked mechanisms: lower trade costs, reliable multimodal connectivity, wider market access, industrial clustering, and coordinated governance. Saudi Arabia’s location between Asia, Africa, and Europe gives the Kingdom a strategic opportunity to become a regional logistics platform, but the opportunity depends on the quality of connections between physical assets, customs systems, private operators, and regional partners. The review finds that transport investments generate the highest integration value when they are planned as economic corridors rather than isolated projects. Rail freight, modern ports, airports, and logistics zones can expand non-oil exports, support tourism and manufacturing, improve supply chain resilience, and reduce regional disparities. However, implementation risks remain, including high capital costs, uneven regional capacity, regulatory fragmentation, environmental pressure, and skills shortages. The paper proposes a corridor-based framework that aligns Vision 2030 infrastructure with trade facilitation, digital logistics, sustainability, and inclusive regional development. The study contributes a structured review model for policymakers and researchers assessing transport-led integration in emerging hub economies.
Mohammed Naveed Azad
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(4): 630-638
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i04.006
Saudi Arabia is positioning mining as a strategic non-oil pillar under Vision 2030, yet mineral beneficiation plants remain exposed to ore variability, high comminution energy, water constraints, reagent inefficiency, and inconsistent recovery. This review paper examines how artificial intelligence can optimize beneficiation processes in Saudi phosphate, gold, bauxite, copper, zinc, and emerging critical-mineral operations. The study synthesizes recent literature, sector reports, and industrial digitalization evidence from 2020 to 2025 to develop a process-oriented framework for applying machine learning, computer vision, digital twins, model predictive control, and explainable analytics across crushing, grinding, classification, flotation, leaching, dewatering, and plant-wide decision support. The review argues that AI should not be treated as a stand-alone automation layer; it must be governed as a socio-technical capability connected to metallurgical expertise, data quality, cybersecurity, operator trust, and sustainability targets. The paper contributes a Saudi-specific implementation roadmap and identifies research gaps in geometallurgical data integration, low-water flotation control, Arabic-enabled operator interfaces, MLOps governance, and validated economic impact measurement.
Syed Arif Ali Bukharee
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(4): 639-648
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i04.007
Saudi petrochemical companies are operating in a complex environment that is shaped by volatile feedstock economics, global demand cycles, sustainability expectations, local-content commitments, and the industrial diversification priorities of Vision 2030. Traditional management reporting is often backward-looking, manually reconciled and disconnected from planning conversations, even if technically accurate. In this review we explore how artificial intelligence, augmented analytics and SAP Analytics Cloud can transform management reporting into executive decision intelligence for Saudi petrochemical industries. The paper employs a structured narrative review methodology of academic studies, SAP technical sources, Saudi industrial strategy documents and petrochemical reporting evidence published between 2020-2025. It provides an integrated context for enterprise data foundations, SAP Analytics Cloud features, predictive planning, natural-language insight, governance controls and executive decision routines. The review argues that dashboards alone do not create value, but a disciplined decision architecture where finance, operations, supply chain, sustainability and strategy leaders share trusted metrics and translate insight into timely action. This research provides a concrete synthesis for petrochemical executives, SAP transformation teams, and researchers working at the intersection of business intelligence, artificial intelligence, and industrial competitiveness in the Saudi sector.
Muhammad Umer Majeed
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(4): 649-658
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i04.008
Fully digital hospitals depend on electronic medical records, connected clinical devices, picture archiving, laboratory systems, pharmacy platforms, identity services, cloud workloads and external exchange channels. This review develops a Saudi-focused maturity model for incident response and disaster recovery that treats cybersecurity as a clinical continuity discipline rather than as a purely technical function. The aim is to clarify how hospitals can maintain safe care during ransomware, cloud interruption, device compromise, identity abuse, data leakage and loss of network trust. The paper synthesises recent healthcare security literature, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia regulatory expectations, resilience standards and operational guidance from 2020 to 2025. Four objectives guide the review: to map dominant cyber scenarios affecting high-availability clinical operations; to align response and recovery practices with Kingdom of Saudi Arabia cybersecurity and privacy obligations; to define maturity levels that can be assessed by hospital leaders; and to propose measurable indicators for continuous improvement. The proposed model has five domains: governance and clinical command, detection and security operations, containment and clinical downtime, recovery engineering, and learning with compliance evidence. The review argues that maturity is achieved when hospitals can preserve patient safety, protect sensitive health data, communicate decisions, restore priority systems within tested recovery objectives and prove compliance through auditable records. The model offers a practical route for Kingdom of Saudi Arabia hospitals seeking resilient digital transformation under national cybersecurity and data protection expectations.
The study examined the impact of digital marketing strategies on brand loyalty of the quoted food and beverage companies in Nigeria using brand trust as a moderating variable. The study was prompted by the prevailing competition among food and beverage businesses in Nigeria and the fact that businesses need to leverage on digital marketing to boost customers' engagement and retention. The study was based on the Relationship Marketing Theory. A cross-sectional survey research design based on the positivist philosophy was adopted. Primary data was obtained from the structured questionnaires which were administered to the customers of the selected companies namely Nestlé Nigeria Plc, Nigerian Breweries Plc, Cadbury Nigeria Plc, Flour Mills of Nigeria Plc and Dangote Sugar Refinery Plc. The sample size was 384 respondents using Cochran's formula for an infinite population and 362 valid questionnaires were analyzed. Descriptive statistics, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and partial correlation were used in the analysis of the data at 5% level of significance. The results indicated that social media marketing, online advertising, and content marketing had positive and significant relationship with brand loyalty. Additionally, brand trust also enhanced the relationship amidst digital marketing strategies and brand loyalty after the inclusion of the moderator. The study found that digital marketing strategies are a significant contributor to customer commitment, especially with high brand trust. It called for greater investment in digital engagement that is interactive, online advertising that is personalised, value-based content marketing, and trust-building activities. The study added value by proving that brand trust is a moderating variable amidst Digital marketing strategies and brand loyalty in the food and beverage industry in Nigeria.
Joby James
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(4): 670-679
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i04.010
Saudi conglomerates are entering a period in which financial growth, privatization, supply-chain localization, and large project delivery require more disciplined enterprise risk management. This review examines how enterprise risk management and financial instruments governance can be integrated in Saudi conglomerates under Vision 2030. It argues that treasury products, sukuk, credit facilities, derivatives, intercompany funding and liquidity buffers should not be treated as isolated finance transactions; they should be governed as strategic risk tools connected to board oversight, risk appetite, internal controls, accounting discipline and market disclosure. A structured narrative review was conducted across recent academic work, regulatory materials, financial-sector reports and practice literature published mainly between 2020 and 2025. The paper develops a governance framework that links group-level risk architecture with financial instrument life-cycle controls. Findings indicate that Saudi conglomerates need stronger integration between board risk committees, group treasury, audit functions, subsidiary finance teams, legal review, Sharia governance where relevant, and investor communication. The study contributes a practical model for aligning ERM maturity with the Financial Sector Development Program, capital-market deepening and sustainable corporate performance.
Distance protection is a primary protection scheme for long extra-high-voltage transmission lines, but its performance can be significantly affected by harsh desert operating conditions. In desert regions, EHV lines are exposed to high ambient temperature, intense solar radiation, low humidity, wind variation, sand contamination, and wide daily thermal cycles. These factors influence conductor temperature, sag, resistance, line impedance, and the apparent impedance measured by distance relays. As conductor temperature increases, resistance rises and the relay impedance locus may shift, creating risks of under reach, overreach, delayed tripping, incorrect zone coordination, and inaccurate fault location. Long EHV lines are also affected by distributed capacitance, shunt compensation, mutual coupling, load encroachment, and high-resistance faults, which further complicate relay performance. This paper examines the influence of temperature, sag, and impedance drift on distance protection behavior in desert environments. It presents a technical review of operating challenges and proposes an adaptive protection framework based on conductor temperature monitoring, dynamic line rating data, weather sensors, relay event records, and periodic setting validation. The study concludes that environment-aware distance protection improves dependability, security, selectivity, and resilience of EHV transmission systems operating under severe desert conditions and supports reliable future grid operation.
Saudi Arabia's tourism infrastructure programme is reshaping the construction sector through destination-scale projects that combine luxury hospitality, mobility, utilities, housing, public realm, coastal conservation and worker-community services. Under Vision 2030, tourism infrastructure is not only a matter of asset delivery; it is also a national diversification mechanism that must support environmental stewardship, visitor experience, operational resilience and long-term regional value. This review paper examines sustainable construction practices for tourism infrastructure in Saudi Arabia with particular attention to the integrated role of quality assurance, risk control and environmental compliance. A narrative review approach was used to synthesize recent construction management, sustainable tourism, digital delivery and environmental governance literature from 2020 onward, supported by public information on Saudi Vision 2030 and Red Sea Global's regenerative tourism agenda. The review finds that sustainable tourism construction depends on treating quality, risk and environmental requirements as mutually reinforcing systems rather than separate departmental controls. Quality assurance reduces rework, protects operational performance and converts design intent into verifiable installation evidence. Risk control enables early attention to logistics, interface, climate, procurement and stakeholder uncertainties. Environmental compliance protects sensitive coastal and desert ecosystems through permit discipline, waste and water controls, biodiversity monitoring and responsible material choices. The paper proposes a lifecycle stage-gate framework that aligns strategic briefs, design approvals, procurement, construction, testing, handover and operations feedback. The study contributes a practical governance model for project directors, consultants, contractors and regulators working on sustainable tourism assets in Saudi Arabia and comparable emerging destinations.
Saudi Arabia’s industrial economy is quietly underpinned by energy pipelines. But rapid gas-network expansion, decarbonisation commitments, hotter operating environments and the need to extract more value from long-lived assets are redefining reliability. In this review, advanced pipeline technologies and lifecycle management are discussed as potential ways to improve the reliability of the energy infrastructure in the Kingdom while supporting Vision 2030, the Saudi Green Initiative and circular-carbon targets. We used a structured review methodology to synthesise literature and industry evidence published between 2020 and 2025, focusing on leak detection, corrosion prediction, non-metallic materials, digital twins, risk-based inspection, drone/robotic surveillance, and life-cycle carbon accounting. The review shows that reliability is most improved when technologies are not adopted as isolated tools but are embedded in decisions on design, construction, commissioning, operation, maintenance and renewal. Distributed fiber-optic sensing provides continuous monitoring along extended corridors; SCADA and IoT platforms enhance situational awareness; machine-learning models aid in corrosion and failure prediction; and digital twins integrate design data, inspection histories, hydraulic simulations, and maintenance planning. These capabilities are particularly relevant in Saudi Arabia, as new gas pipelines, hydrogen ambitions, remote desert routes, and industrial-zone demand call for high availability and faster fault localisation. This paper presents a lifecycle reliability framework and a technology-integration matrix for pipeline operators in Saudi Arabia. It concludes that the reliability of Saudi energy infrastructure will depend on four enablers: data governance, localised technical capacity, risk-based investment prioritisation and lifecycle performance metrics that balance safety, availability, emissions and cost.
Cloud operations have become a strategic reliability function as enterprises move customer journeys, public services, industrial platforms and data products to hybrid and multi cloud environments. Traditional monitoring practices are no longer sufficient as cloud systems generate high-velocity telemetry from containers, serverless functions, networks, databases, identity services and user-facing applications. This review looks at how artificial intelligence for IT operations (AIOps) can improve predictive monitoring, controlled automation and service reliability. The paper uses a structured narrative review approach to synthesise literature, standards and implementation guidance published from 2020 to 2025. The review identifies five operational domains, namely observability engineering, incident prediction, root cause analysis, automated remediation, and governance for trustworthy operations. It argues that it is not possible to improve service reliability just through machine learning models, but also needs good telemetry, topology awareness, safe runbooks, cyber resilience, human validation and continuous feedback from incidents. Saudi Arabia is particularly relevant for AI-enabled cloud operations as Vision 2030 digital transformation, cloud-first adoption, smart city initiatives, financial technology, healthcare platforms and critical digital infrastructure require highly available and resilient services. The study proposes a layered architecture linking logs, metrics, traces and service dependency graphs with predictive analytics, automation policy and reliability dashboards. It also gives a maturity roadmap for organisations that want to transition from reactive monitoring to proactive, self-improving operations. The review concludes that AIOps can reduce mean time to detect and recover, improve capacity planning and support business continuity, provided that organisations treat automation as a governed socio-technical capability rather than a purely technical tool.
With the increasing complexity of multi-disciplinary project delivery and rising societal expectations, it is essential to deliver infrastructure that is not only timely but also sustainable Urban infrastructure in Saudi Arabia—including transportation, utilities, logistics, public spaces, and tourism facilities—is developed within the strategic context of Vision 2030, emphasizing governance, resilience, and localization. Traditional approaches to planning, scheduling, and change management are often insufficient to address the scale and interdependencies of such projects. This review paper aims to develop an integrated framework for sustainable urban infrastructure delivery in Saudi Arabia based on literature and policy analysis (2020–2025). In particular, strategic framework, which determines the value of project and stakeholder alignment, as well as scheduling, which is required for converting intentions into reality, and change management, which ensures performance amidst various types of changes, will be explored. In other words, this research aims at proving that sustainability in such projects is possible only if these three areas are addressed holistically. The research will propose an approach that consists of front-end planning, digital scheduling, governance-based change management, and sustainable performance management. In addition, several specificities of Saudi urban infrastructure delivery will be considered, such as giga-projects, regulatory interfaces, resilience requirements, supply chain dynamics, and digital maturity of organizations involved in delivery. Specific original models and tables will be offered to aid further implementation of this approach.
Mahamed Adam
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(4): 734-743
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i04.016
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is increasingly important in technical and vocational education because employment requires not only professional qualifications but also the ability to perform specific workplace tasks effectively. Such tasks include completing safety forms, responding to customer inquiries, and communicating with colleagues. Accordingly, this literature review examines how ESP can strengthen career readiness among TVET students in Saudi Arabia and contribute to their broader employability. Career readiness is treated as preparation for entering the workplace, whereas employability refers to the broader capacity to obtain, perform in, and sustain employment. The review considers these concepts in relation to the Kingdom's Vision 2030 goals for human capability development and labor-market participation. It analyzes scientific studies, books, policy documents, and articles published between 2020 and 2025 on TVET reform, language-enabled learning, career readiness, and graduate employability. The review follows a structured approach organized around five areas: needs analysis, curriculum design, workplace communication, innovative technologies, and assessment. The findings indicate that ESP can improve career readiness through industry-specific education aligned with occupational standards, while also supporting longer-term employability outcomes. Key priorities include systematic needs analysis, instructor preparation, authentic workplace practice, accessible learning resources, and evaluation of communication performance.
The study presents an overview of automation technologies that are self-healing methods applied in stand-alone 5G Core telecommunications systems required for providing reliable communications in Saudi Vision 2030 conditions. Literature surveys covering the period 2020-2025 have been done in research domains like cloud-native 5G Core design, SBA, NDAF roles, closed-loop assurance, AI-based anomalies detection and localization, root cause analysis, policy management, edge computing, and automation. It is shown in the paper that the 5G Core is much more than a pure packet router and, in fact, represents a state-of-the-art platform which allows predicting network performance degradation, localize faults, and execute repair processes without any impact on user services and industrial operations. The focus of the review is on Saudi Arabia, where the country's oil and gas industry, mining sector, transport, manufacturing industries, smart city initiatives, and giga projects require reliable connectivity, deterministic performance, and secure digital infrastructure. Based on the findings of the literature survey, it is possible to conclude that the self-healing feature of stand-alone 5G Core can be achieved with the help of the following three capabilities being implemented jointly: telemetry trustworthiness, explainable AI for decision-making, and automation policies enforcement. In the proposed Saudi Arabia-specific solution, the relationship between NWDAF, cloud-native NFs, MEC, slicing assurance, and operation management will be discussed.
Nayeem Ahmed Chikmagalur Muneer, S. Muthuvel
Glob Acad J Econ Buss; 2026, 8(4):754-764
DOI : https://doi.org/10.36348/gajeb.2026.v08i04.018
Saudi Arabia's giga-projects are expanding the scale, density, and technical complexity of building services systems. High-rise districts, hospitality destinations, airports, hospitals, cultural venues, and mixed-use communities require heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC), electrical, water, fire-safety, vertical transportation, security, and energy systems that remain reliable in harsh climatic and operational conditions. This review paper evaluates how digital monitoring and predictive maintenance can improve the operational performance of building services systems in Saudi mega projects. Following a review-paper structure inspired by recent Springer-style construction technology studies, the article synthesizes 2020-2025 literature on Building Information Modelling (BIM), Internet of Things (IoT), building management systems (BMS), digital twins, automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD), machine learning, and facility management. The study proposes a Saudi-oriented Digital Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance Framework (DMPMF) that links asset information requirements, sensor telemetry, analytics, work-order systems, and governance indicators. The review finds that the strongest value is achieved when predictive maintenance is treated not as a stand-alone algorithm, but as an information ecosystem connecting design handover, commissioning, operations, cybersecurity, workforce competence, and sustainability reporting. The paper contributes practical implementation stages, two conceptual visuals, and two synthesis tables for researchers, asset owners, consultants, and facility managers seeking Scopus/Q1-level alignment with Vision 2030 priorities.
Saudi Arabia's mega-project portfolio is reshaping the operational logic of the built environment. Smart districts, high-rise mixed-use assets, hospitals, transport hubs, hotels and mission-critical public facilities are expected to perform as continuously optimised systems rather than static construction outputs. This review examines how digital twin applications can improve smart building operations, maintenance and risk management in Saudi mega projects under Vision 2030. The paper synthesises peer-reviewed literature from 2020 to 2025 and develops a building lifecycle framework linking BIM, IoT, building management systems, artificial intelligence, facility management platforms and governance controls. The central argument is that a digital twin becomes valuable only when it converts live building data into verified operational decisions: fault detection, energy optimisation, predictive maintenance, safety alerts, resilience planning, asset lifecycle analysis and executive risk visibility. The review identifies four implementation layers: data foundation, analytical intelligence, operational intervention and governance assurance. Findings show that digital twins can reduce fragmentation between design, construction and facility management; however, success depends on data quality, interoperability, cybersecurity, workforce capability, procurement discipline and ethical use of automation. For Saudi mega projects, the strongest value is expected in MEP-intensive assets where energy, cooling, lifts, water systems, fire safety, indoor environmental quality and equipment availability directly affect public value. The paper proposes a practical roadmap for staged adoption, beginning with priority assets and moving toward portfolio-level digital twin governance. It concludes that digital twins should be treated as socio-technical operating systems for smart buildings, not merely 3D visual models.
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Dr. Sumathi Kumaraswamy
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant Professor Department of Economics and Finance College of Business Administration University of Bahrain Email: skumaraswamy@uob.edu.bh
Dr. Jitender Kumar
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University Murthal, Sonepat, Haryana, India Email: jitenderkbatra@gmail.com
Omer Allagabo Omer Mustafa
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant Professor of Economics, Banking and Finance, Deputy Secretary of Academic Affairs-Sudan Academy for Banking and Financial Sciences (SABFS), Khartoum, Sudan E-mail: omergabo78@sabfs.edu.sd
Dr. Zahoor Ahmad Parray
Associate Editorial Board
Department of Management Studies, South Campus, University of Kashmir Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, India Email: zahoorhs@gmail.com
Dr. Hafnida Hasan
Associate Editorial Board
Assistant professor in Applied Sciences University (ASU), Kingdom of Bahrain Email: hafnida.hasan@asu.edu.bh
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College of Business Savannah State University 3219 College Street Savannah GA 31404 Email: brownu@savannahstate.edu , brownuj@gmail.com
Dr. C. Vijai
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Assistant Professor Department of Commerce St.Peter’s Institute of Higher Education and Research, Avadi, Chennai-600 054 Tamil Nadu, India Email: Vijaialvar@gmail.com
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Associate Editorial Board
College of Administrative Sciences, Najran University, Saudi Arabia Email: mounir.balloumi@gmail.com
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ICSSR Senior Fellow Centre for Economic and Social Studies (CESS), Begumpet, Hyderabad-500016, India Email: drpm16@gmail.com
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Lecturer in business management, University of wales Trinity Saint David - UK Senior lecturer, Several UK and EU based higher education institutions Email: husam.helmi1@yahoo.com
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Programme Coordinator Senior Lecturer, Islamic Business School Universiti Utara Malaysia Email: shahril@uum.edu.my
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Marketing lecturer Graduated in the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (phD) from University of Tehran, Iran. Email: AliAshrafAhmadian@ut.ac.ir
ZULFAN NAHRUDDIN
Executive Editor
Lecturer at Muhammadiyah University of Makassar email:- zulfan.nahruddin@unismuh.ac.id
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